1<\/p>\n
Qualitative Inquiries<\/p>\n
Introduction<\/p>\n
The ultimate goal of gaining understanding and knowledge for use in caring guides the<\/p>\n
conduct any nursing research (Grove, Burns, & Gray, 2013). Evaluation of this type of evidence-<\/p>\n
based research enables nurses to use the results to establish best practice for the nursing<\/p>\n
profession in all care settings applications.<\/p>\n
This type of inquiry is well suited to formulation of hypotheses and theories about areas<\/p>\n
in which little is known. It serves evidence-based practice by discovering new aspects of human<\/p>\n
behavior, patterns, and practices which might not be detected or well understood by quantitative<\/p>\n
inquiry.<\/p>\n
Criteria for evaluating this type of research vary from quantitative methods It also varies<\/p>\n
between several approaches of qualitative inquiry but inductive reasoning and holistic practices<\/p>\n
characterize all qualitative research. The inquiry should move from design, data collection, and<\/p>\n
analysis toward hypothesis and theory formulation. There are several philosophical approaches<\/p>\n
practiced. Concern for meaning and observation of human activities by using the researcher as<\/p>\n
the instrument for assessing data is a characteristic which all approaches share. Interpretation<\/p>\n
of data is based on identification of feelings, ideas, concepts, and events which have influenced<\/p>\n
the lives of subjects in a variety of situations (Polit & Beck, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay; Waltz, Strickland, & Lenz,<\/p>\n
2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer).<\/p>\n
Assessment of Researcher Qualifications<\/p>\n
Examination of criteria for evaluation of qualitative work begins with assessment of the<\/p>\n
qualification of the researchers. In qualitative research the researcher needs to have a firm base<\/p>\n
of understanding of the method which they plan to use including the underlying philosophy<\/p>\n
2<\/p>\n
which justifies and governs its use. Therefore, qualifications of the research team needs to be<\/p>\n
clearly assessed (Cobb & Hagemaster, 1987).<\/p>\n
Appropriateness of Title and Abstract<\/p>\n
These aspects of any study should be included. The title should inform the potential<\/p>\n
reader as to the focus of interest and approach of the inquiry. An abstract will briefly and<\/p>\n
succinctly review essential aspects of the study making it possible or a reader to understand and<\/p>\n
assess usefulness and applicability of the study.<\/p>\n
Problem Statement<\/p>\n
Statement of the problem should explain the author\u2019s connection and access to the target<\/p>\n
population. This might be personal or professional experience. For example, nurses<\/p>\n
participating in outreach programs to assess incidence of iron deficiency among infants might<\/p>\n
identify a problem in interaction patterns between parents and their infants who suffer from<\/p>\n
colic. A nurse on an oncology ward might wish to explore the experience of grief experienced<\/p>\n
by caregivers. The important point is that the inquiry will be structured in a way which will<\/p>\n
begin without hypotheses about causes or other aspects of the problem but will attempt to form<\/p>\n
conclusions about the data which will then be organized to form a conceptual framework. This<\/p>\n
may be used to formulate hypotheses and theory.<\/p>\n
Justification for conducting this inquiry should be discussed by the researchers. The<\/p>\n
research gap should be explained. Lack of information about this aspect of human behavior and<\/p>\n
beliefs and the suitability of the qualitative approach should be supported based on the nature of<\/p>\n
the problem, the approach used, and needs in the target population. Support may come from a<\/p>\n
review of the state of knowledge in this area. Questions about the topic under study should be<\/p>\n
proposed (Grove, 2013) and justifiable based on the stated aims of the project (CASP, 2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer)<\/p>\n
3<\/p>\n
Review of Literature<\/p>\n
There are conflicting opinions about when the review of the literature should be done by<\/p>\n
the qualitative researcher. In order to identify the research gap and to familiarize the reader with<\/p>\n
the problem some qualitative approaches justify placing a review of literature at the beginning of<\/p>\n
the work. Explanation for the study protocol by way of identifying the theoretical method \u2013 i.e.<\/p>\n
grounded, phenomenological, or ethnographic and explanation of the significance of the problem<\/p>\n
may be cited as a reason for placing the review at the beginning. However, other investigators<\/p>\n
who practice this type of research object to reviewing previous evidence-based research on the<\/p>\n
basis that it will prejudice the researcher and influence how the research will be conducted and<\/p>\n
interpretation of data (Ryan, Coughlan, & Cronin, 2007).<\/p>\n
There is no well-established rule for placement of the review of literature but the content<\/p>\n
should be similar wherever it is situated. It should justify conducting the study (Sandelowski, &<\/p>\n
Barroso, 2003). Strauss is credited for advising review of literature early in the study because it<\/p>\n
stimulates theoretical receptivity, helps to pose questions, and adds validity to the<\/p>\n
appropriateness of using the chosen method (McGhee, Marland, Atkinson, 2008 – Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers). Previous<\/p>\n
work should be cited, discussed, and evaluated for similarities and differences between present<\/p>\n
and past studies, and analysis of the methods employed (School of Human Ecology \u2013University<\/p>\n
of Wisconsin, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay).<\/p>\n
Materials cited in the review should meet evidence based criteria. While important<\/p>\n
contribution from classic literature and primary sources may be cited, most of the material<\/p>\n
should have been published within the last 5 years. Information should be available concerning<\/p>\n
descriptors and sources used for the search.<\/p>\n
4<\/p>\n
Philosophical Foundation<\/p>\n
The researcher should specify the governing philosophical basis (Grove, 2013) because it<\/p>\n
will effect evaluation of the inquiry. There are procedural differences between thinkers in<\/p>\n
several of the qualitative approaches of inquiry. This aspect of qualitative research should be<\/p>\n
mentioned and the position of the planned inquiry specified \u2013 for example Straussian Grounded<\/p>\n
Theory as opposed to Glaser (Waltz, Stickland, & Lenz, 2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer).<\/p>\n
Sampling, Sample, and Ethical Considerations<\/p>\n
Identification of the population, reason and method of selection (Chesnay, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service),<\/p>\n
inclusion and exclusion criteria, size, attrition rate, and relevant demographic characteristics<\/p>\n
should be included in information about the sample (Grove, Burns, & Gray, 2013). The reader<\/p>\n
should be informed about how the sample was accessed by the researcher. Adherence to ethical<\/p>\n
procedures as specified by Federal Law 45 CFR 46 should be explained including justice,<\/p>\n
respect, and beneficence in the practices used in the study (Cornell University, Undated).<\/p>\n
Data Collection<\/p>\n
Depending on which approach has been selected by the researcher, data collection<\/p>\n
methods will differ. However, the specific steps of the collection procedure should be carefully<\/p>\n
explained. The type of data, location, form and format, number and type of contacts with<\/p>\n
subjects, method of collection, and data preservation method should be discussed. Details about<\/p>\n
preservation of confidentiality and privacy are part of this section. Some approaches to<\/p>\n
qualitative inquiry vary number of contacts with subjects and sample size based on emerging<\/p>\n
data (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) in an iterative process which explores new themes as they emerge<\/p>\n
(Frankel, 1999). This process should be discussed carefully.<\/p>\n
5<\/p>\n
Data Analysis<\/p>\n
The reader should be advised of the complete process of data analysis. Although this<\/p>\n
process will be different depending on which approach is being used, it should be carefully and<\/p>\n
meticulously explained.<\/p>\n
A portion of this section should include some discussion of the research qualifications of<\/p>\n
the investigator and use of mechanical methods of analysis if any (De Chesnay, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). How data<\/p>\n
analysis will sort categories and themes should be discussed. If computer software is being<\/p>\n
employed it should be identified.<\/p>\n
Another portion of data analysis should address reliability and validity. Lincoln and<\/p>\n
Guba discussed dependability, confirmability, credibility, transferability, and authenticity as a<\/p>\n
group of concepts known as trustworthiness (Polit & Beck, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). These are concepts related to<\/p>\n
rigor or validity. Measures which specifically address these concepts depend on the particular<\/p>\n
philosophical approach used (Cohen & Crabtree, 2008 – Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers). Overall significance, relevance, impact<\/p>\n
and utility form another set of assessment criteria formulated for measuring the value of<\/p>\n
qualitative research (Morse, et al., 2002). Therefore the reviewer needs to become familiar with<\/p>\n
the specific requirements of the stated philosophical approach.<\/p>\n
The reader should be advised of methods of improving quality of the data such as<\/p>\n
triangulation, audio-recording, reflexivity, intercoder checking, thick description, member<\/p>\n
checking, and use of peers, expert consultants, or mentors (Morse, 2002) . Other steps which<\/p>\n
are sometimes used are: looking for negative cases, examination of alternative explanations, and<\/p>\n
audit of the data trail (Cohen & Crabtree, 2008 – Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers; De Chesnay, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service).<\/p>\n
6<\/p>\n
Findings, Ace my homework – Write my paper – Online assignment help tutors – Discussion, and Implications for Best Practice<\/p>\n
Themes, emerging concepts, hypotheses, and theories should be discussed. These<\/p>\n
products should be exemplified by narrative from subjects in their own words (Grove, 2013).<\/p>\n
While not commonly used, frequency data which reports how often themes are reported by<\/p>\n
subjects will assist the reader in interpreting the data.<\/p>\n
At this point the researcher should return to or present the review of literature.<\/p>\n
Connections and comparisons should be drawn between past work and the present. Lessons<\/p>\n
learned should be clearly explained. Suggestions for further research, recommended action, and<\/p>\n
implications for best practice are discussed here.<\/p>\n
In summary, readers need to be advised of the sound judgement of the investigators in<\/p>\n
data analysis. Of major concern should be the way the data has been organized, how it has been<\/p>\n
synthesized, formed into a congruent whole, and how well that is described and supported by<\/p>\n
narrative and explanation of emerging themes, hypotheses, and theories through careful use of<\/p>\n
their chosen philosophical approach (Polit & Beck, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay).<\/p>\n
Statement Related to Conflict of Interest<\/p>\n
This statement was not found.<\/p>\n
7<\/p>\n
References<\/p>\n
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. (2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer). Making sense of evidence about clinical effectiveness \u2013<\/p>\n
10 questions to help you make sense of qualitative research. Retrieved from:http:..www.casp-<\/p>\n
uk.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011<\/p>\n
Cobb, A. & Hagemaster, J. (1987). Ten Criteria for Evaluating Qualitative Research Proposals.<\/p>\n
Journal of Nursing Education. 26 (4), 138-143.<\/p>\n
Cohen, D. & Crabtree, B. (2008 – Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers). Evaluaative Criteria for Qualitative Reserch in Health Care:<\/p>\n
Controversies and Recommendations. Annals of Family Medicine. 6 (4), 331-339.<\/p>\n
DOI:10.1370\/afm.818<\/p>\n
Cornell University. (Undated). 45 CFR 46.103 \u2013 Assuring compliance with this policy \u2013 research<\/p>\n
conducted or supported by any Federal Department or Agency. Retrieved from:<\/p>\n
https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/cfr\/text\/45\/46.103<\/p>\n
De Chesnay, M. (2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). Nursing Research Using Phenomenology \u2013 Qualitative Designs and Methods<\/p>\n
in Nursing. Springer: New York, NY<\/p>\n
Frankel, RM. (1999). “Standards of Qualitative Research.” In BF Crabtree and WL Miller (Eds.) Doing<\/p>\n
Qualitative Research (2nd edition) p. 341. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA Retrieved<\/p>\n
from: http:\/\/www.qualres.org\/HomeGuid-3934.html<\/p>\n
Glaser, B. & Strauss, A. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative<\/p>\n
Research. Aldine Publishing: Chicago, IL Retrieved from:<\/p>\n
http:\/\/faculty.babson.edu\/krollag\/org_site\/craft_articles\/glaser_strauss.html<\/p>\n
http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4ebxYPyY5noC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&sig=9I2WkFgpmKpmPHGqNzryf2M9MiE&dq=doing+qualitative+research&prev=http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar%3Fq%3Ddoing%2Bqualitative%2Bresearch%26num%3D100%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D
\nhttp:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4ebxYPyY5noC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&sig=9I2WkFgpmKpmPHGqNzryf2M9MiE&dq=doing+qualitative+research&prev=http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar%3Fq%3Ddoing%2Bqualitative%2Bresearch%26num%3D100%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D
\n8<\/p>\n
Grove, S., Burns, N., Gray, J. (2013). The Practice of Nursing Research \u2013Appraisal, Synthesis, and<\/p>\n
Generation of New Evidence, Seventh Edition. Elsevier: St. Louis, MO.<\/p>\n
McGee, G., Marland, G., & Atkinson, J. (2008 – Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers). Grounded theory research: literature reviewing and<\/p>\n
reflexivity. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 60 (3), 334-342. Retrieved from:<\/p>\n
http:eprints.gla.ac.uk\/4185\/<\/p>\n
Morse, J., Barrett, M., Mayan, M., Olson, K., & Spiers, J. (2002). Verification strategies for<\/p>\n
establishing reliability and validity in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative<\/p>\n
Methods. 1 (2). Retrieved from:<\/p>\n
http:\/\/www.ualberta.ca\/~iiqm\/backissues\/1_2Final\/pdf\/morseetal.pdf<\/p>\n
Munhall, P. & Chenail, R. (2008 – Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers). Qualitative Research Proposals and Reports \u2013 A Guide, Third<\/p>\n
Edition. Jones and Bartlett: Sudbury, MA<\/p>\n
Polit, D. & Beck, C. (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). Essentials of Nursing Research \u2013 Appraising Evidence for Nursing<\/p>\n
Practice, Eighth Edition. Wolters Kluwer: Philadelphia, PA.<\/p>\n
Portland State University. (Undated). Research Paradigm. Retrieved from:<\/p>\n
http:\/\/personal.psu.edu\/users\/w\/x\/wxh139\/paradigm.htm<\/p>\n
Ryan, F., Coughlan, M., & Cronin, P. (2007). Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 2:<\/p>\n
qualitative research. British Journal of Nursing. 16 (12), 738-744.<\/p>\n
Sandelowski, M. & Barroso, J. (2003). Writing the Proposal for a Qualitative Research Methodology<\/p>\n
Project. Qualitative Health Research. 13(6), 781-807. DOI:10.1177\/1049732303255474<\/p>\n
9<\/p>\n
School of Human Ecology \u2013 University of Wisconsin. (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). Guidelines for proposals: Qualitative<\/p>\n
research. Retrieved from:http:sohe.wisc.edu\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/8_1-<\/p>\n
Proposal-Guidelines-Qualitative-Research.pdf<\/p>\n
Waltz, C., Strickland, O., & Lenz, E. (2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer). Measurement in Nursing and Health Research, Fourth<\/p>\n
Edition. Springer: New York, NY.<\/p>\n
———————-<\/p>\n
1<\/p>\n
Qualitative Investigations<\/p>\n
Introduction<\/p>\n
The ultimate goal of gaining understanding and knowledge for use in caring directs the learning process.<\/p>\n
carry out any nursing research (Grove, Burns, & Gray, 2013). This type of evidence’s evaluation-<\/p>\n
Based research allows nurses to use the findings to establish best practices in nursing.<\/p>\n
applications of the profession in all care settings<\/p>\n
This type of investigation lends itself well to the development of hypotheses and theories about specific topics.<\/p>\n
where little is known It contributes to evidence-based practice by discovering new aspects of human behavior.<\/p>\n
Quantitative methods may not detect or understand behavior, patterns, or practices.<\/p>\n
inquiry.<\/p>\n
Criteria for evaluating this type of research vary from quantitative methods It varies as well.<\/p>\n
between several approaches of qualitative inquiry but inductive reasoning and holistic practices<\/p>\n
characterize<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
1 Qualitative Inquiries Introduction The ultimate goal of gaining understanding and knowledge for use in caring guides the conduct any nursing research (Grove, Burns, &\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2468,2469,53,354,2467,1115,1724],"tags":[2489,2472,1427,1656,1648,1572,2473,2370,2386,1966,2488,2490],"class_list":["post-7421","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bsn-papers","category-health-care-essays","category-masters-essays","category-nursing-assignment","category-nursing-papers-homework-help","category-online-nursing-essays","category-top-nursing-papers","tag-dnp-assignment","tag-healthcare-dissertations","tag-healthcare-essays","tag-medical-papers","tag-medical-research-papers","tag-msn","tag-msn-essays","tag-nursing-assessment","tag-nursing-case-study","tag-nursing-essays","tag-nursing-homework","tag-online-nursing-papers"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/homeworkacetutors.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7421","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/homeworkacetutors.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/homeworkacetutors.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/homeworkacetutors.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/homeworkacetutors.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7421"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/homeworkacetutors.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7421\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7443,"href":"https:\/\/homeworkacetutors.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7421\/revisions\/7443"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/homeworkacetutors.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7421"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/homeworkacetutors.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7421"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/homeworkacetutors.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7421"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}