1. What are the three most significant lessons you got from this first module?
\n2. How will each lesson help you in your decision making?<\/p>\n
400 – 500 words. Use the file attached as Reference<\/p>\n
This is just a Reference for Number 2 .<\/p>\n
Socrates (469-399 BC)
\n\u2022
\no\tThis question was posted by Aristotle
\no\tHow should one live?
\nFew questions about Ethics:
\n\u2022
\no\tIs ethics a set of principles to be used as guide for our actions?
\no\tIs it a set of objective knowledge to be learnt and understood?
\no\tIs it simply a practical question about \u201cacting out\u201d correct behavior, rather than a theoretical question of one\u2019s of particular moral knowledge?
\no\tHow do we determine what is right and what is wrong?
\nThe questions are some of the things that are asked about ethics from the time of Aristotle to the present.
\nEthics
\n\u2022
\no\tEtymology : Greek word \u201cethos\u201d which means way of doing things or body of customs
\no\tEthics is the science of morality of human acts; a study of human customs
\nTo explain briefly:
\n\u2022
\no\tethics is the philosophical study of looking at human conducts as right or wrong
\no\tthat is why we use the word ethical and unethical to refer to right or wrong respectively in human conducts
\nMethodology of Ethical Reasoning (levels of looking at ethics)
\n\u2022
\no\tMeta Level (Meta Ethics)
\no\tDescriptive Level (Descriptive Ethics)
\no\tNormative Level (Normative Ethics)
\nMeta Level or Meta Ethics
\n\u2022
\no\tdeals with deep, basic and sometimes perplexing questions on the nature and foundations of ethics itself
\no\tbasically deals with what ethics is all about
\no\texample
\n\uf0a7\tIs objective moral knowledge possible?
\n\uf0a7\tIs morality based on feelings?
\nDescriptive Level (Descriptive Ethics)
\n\u2022
\no\tCan be compared to scientific inquiry in the field of natural science
\no\tScientific theories attempt to describe and explain phenomena existing in the real world
\no\tScientific process is based on observations of empirical evidences
\no\tExperiments are performed to test validity of theories
\no\tMethodology of observation and factual verification is akin to scientific inquiry
\no\tEthics in the descriptive level is to describe ethical norms of a society or community
\n\uf0a7\tExample:
\n\uf0a7\tFilipinos are religious oriented.
\n\uf0a7\tFilipinos greatly respect the elders
\n\uf0a7\tDescribing what Filipinos are in the external level
\n\uf0a7\tAt purely descriptive level, there is no judgment of what ought to be the ethical norms of Filipinos
\no\tThe objects of inquiry would involve the study of human behavior and phenomena
\no\tthe point in the descriptive level is that human conducts or behaviors are describe based what is observable, there is never a judgement on what is ethical and unethical
\nNormative Level (Normative Ethics)
\n\u2022
\no\tMoving away from mere factual verification or sociological observation
\no\tConcerned with what ought to the appropriate ethical conduct in a given situation
\no\tAnswers do not lie in the scientific facts alone
\n\uf0a7\t example:
\n\uf0a7\tAudrey promised to attend Ellaine\u2019s birthday party. (fact)
\n\uf0a7\tWe ought to keep our promises. (Norm)
\n\uf0a7\tAudrey ought to attend Ellaine\u2019s birthday party. (Norm)
\no\tIn this level the concern are no longer on just facts but on what norm dictates, what ought to be
\nConsistency and Impartiality in Ethics
\nPrinciple of Consistency
\n\u2022
\no\tEthics requires that we act consistently in similar circumstances
\no\tEthical principles are either universal or sufficiently general in scope to apply to human conduct in a consistent manner
\n\uf0a7\texamples:
\n\uf0a7\tEthical principle of keeping promises
\n\uf0a7\tPrinciple against employment discrimination
\nApplication of rules or polices should be consistent in similar situations. If an office manager rejected that application for leave of an employee due to the unfinished report, the same should be applied to all employees who will apply for leave but are with unfinished report.
\nPrinciple of Impartiality
\n\u2022
\no\tConnected with the principle of consistency is the principle of impartiality
\no\tImpartiality demands that decision-makers treat the affected persons in an equal and fair manner
\no\tExample:
\n\uf0a7\tNatural human inclination is to favor the interests of the decision-makers or those of his family and friends
\n\uf0a7\tIndiscriminately favoring own interest or family and friends over those other members of the community or society is against the criterion of impartiality
\n\uf0a7\tInterest of each member of the community or society must be given the same weight without preference to special relationship or connection
\n\uf0a7\tImpartiality does not necessitate a particular set of outcomes
\nOffice policies should be applied with impartiality to all. A manager would normal approve the application of leave of an employee who is also a friend. But, regularly approving the application for leave of the friend yet rejecting the application for leave of other employees is against the principle of impartiality.<\/p>\n
Rationality and Emotions
\nAbortion Issue
\n\u2022
\no\tPro-choice advocates believe that abortion is right because it promotes the right of women to personal autonomy over their body.
\no\tpro-life advocates stands that abortion is wrong or evil because it involves killing, and killing an innocent individual
\nIn looking at abortion whether right or wrong, good or evil:
\n\u2022
\no
\n\uf0a7\tIf reason is important, is it the only thing necessary to determine the outcome?
\n\uf0a7\tIs there a role that emotion plays in ethical decision-making?
\nTwo Extremes:
\n\u2022
\no\tEmotivism (Pure Emotion)
\no\tPure Reason
\nEmotivism (Pure Emotion)
\n\u2022
\no\tEmotion dominate the ethical decision-making
\no\tMoral judgements are based on emotion alone
\no\tReason is and ought only to be slave of passion \u2013 David Hume
\no\tA particular action cannot be to objectively right or wrong
\nAbortion is wrong because I feel that it is disgusting act.
\nThe teacher walked-out from the class because she felt disrespected by their behavior.
\nThe manager decided to deny the leave application of an employee because the manager was in a bad mood that time.
\nThe mother decided to suspend the gadget time of her child because she was angry at what the child did.
\nDanger with Emotivism
\n\u2022
\no\tDecision reached may be inconsistent, arbitrary or subjective
\no\tIt would appear that we are not rational animals if we will not use reason in important ethical decisions
\nPure Reason
\n\u2022
\no\tDecision is arrived without emotions at all.
\no\tEthical decisions and actions are guided purely by sound reasoning.
\nA business owner decided to lay off employees without any feeling of compassion or empathy to the worker and his family.
\nThe teacher decided not to give considerations to his\/her students who were late coming to class.
\nThe mother decided to penalize her daughter for coming late last night.
\nDanger in Pure Reason
\n\u2022
\no\tDecisions arrived at are somehow inhuman \/ inhumane
\no\tDisregard to moral conscience which is connected to emotion and guides decision-making.
\no\tIf emotion without reason is blind, then reason without emotion is impotent – Peter Singer
\nThe Middle Ground – Moral Imagination
\n\u2022
\no\tInvolves both rational and emotional faculties in order to make ethical decision
\n\uf0a7\t\u201cDramatic Rehearsal\u201d \u2013 John Dewey
\n\uf0a7\tPragmatic approach to ethical decision-making
\n\uf0a7\tThe moral actor deliberates on the ethical problem with a series of imaginary experiments in which all preferences, interests and emotions are into the mix
\n\uf0a7\tThe moral actor imagines what would happen when a particular action is undertaken
\n\uf0a7\tBoth emotional and rational perspectives
\nEthical Dilemma
\n\u2022
\no\tis a choice between two options, both of which will bring a negative result based on society and personal guidelines
\no\twhatever the decision, there is always a negative consequence
\nThe Trolley Problem
\n\u2022
\no\tTo what extent do you think your emotions played a part in your response on whether to pull the switch or the lever and\/or push the fat man over the bridge?
\no\tWhere there difference?
\no\tPsychological experiments conducted on human responses
\n\uf0a7\tMRI results shows more activity in the brain region associated with higher cognitive functions as compared to more prominent emotional responses to the \u201cfat man\u201d adaptation
\n\uf0a7\tSignificantly higher activity in brain regions associated with response-conflict
\nKohlberg’s Dilemma
\nIn Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $400 for the radium and charged $4,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money and tried every legal means, but he could only get together about $2,000, which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying, and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said, “No, I discovered the drug and I’m going to make money from if.” So, having tried every legal means, Heinz gets desperate and considers breaking into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife. (https:\/\/examples.yourdictionary.com\/ethical-dilemma-examples.html)
\n\u2022
\no\tThe Dilemma
\n\uf0a7\tIf Heinz will not have the drugs, his wife will die.
\n\uf0a7\tIf Heinz steals the drug, his wife might get well but his action is unethical and unlawful and has its consequences.
\nData Access
\nTony, a data analyst for a major casino, is working after normal business hours to finish an important project. He realizes that he is missing data that had been sent to his coworker Robert. Tony had inadvertently observed Robert typing his password several days ago and decides to log into Robert’s computer and resend the data to himself. Upon doing so, Tony sees an open email regarding gambling bets Robert placed over the last several days with a local sports book. All employees of the casino are forbidden to engage in gambling activities to avoid any hint of conflict of interest. Tony knows he should report this but would have to admit to violating the company’s information technology regulations by logging into Robert’s computer. If he warns Robert to stop his betting, he would also have to reveal the source of his information. What should Tony do in this situation? (https:\/\/examples.yourdictionary.com\/ethical-dilemma-examples.html)
\n\u2022
\no\tThe Dilemma
\n\uf0a7\tIf Tony revealed to management what he discovered about Robert, or advised Robert to stop he will also be in hot seat for he used and accessed information with out proper permission. This is a violation of company regulation and is illegal
\n\uf0a7\tIf Tony will not report what he discovered about Robert, he is violating company regulations. If discovered that he knew of Robert’s activities, he will be in hot seat.
\nMaking ethical Decisions
\n(excerpts from https:\/\/www.scu.edu\/media\/ethics-center\/resources\/making.pdf) (Links to an external site.)
\n1.\tRecognize an Ethical Issue
\no\tCould this decision or situation be damaging to someone or to some group? Does this decision involve a choice between a good and bad alternative, or perhaps between two \u201cgoods\u201d or between two \u201cbads\u201d?
\no\tIs this issue about more than what is legal or what is most efficient? If so, how?
\n2.\tGet the Facts
\no\tWhat are the relevant facts of the case? What facts are not known? Can I learn more about the situation? Do I know enough to make a decision?
\no\tWhat individuals and groups have an important stake in the outcome? Are some concerns more important? Why?
\no\tWhat are the options for acting? Have all the relevant persons and groups been consulted? Have I identified creative options?
\n3.\tEvaluate Alternative Actions
\no\tEvaluate the options by asking the following questions:
\n\uf0a7\tWhich option will produce the most good and do the least harm? (The Utilitarian Approach)
\n\uf0a7\tWhich option best respects the rights of all who have a stake? (The Rights Approach)
\n\uf0a7\tWhich option treats people equally or proportionately? (The Justice Approach)
\n\uf0a7\tWhich option best serves the community as a whole, not just some members? (The Common Good Approach)
\n\uf0a7\tWhich option leads me to act as the sort of person I want to be? (The Virtue Approach)
\n4.\tMake a Decision and Test It
\no\tConsidering all these approaches, which option best addresses the situation?
\no\tIf I told someone I respect\u2014or told a television audience\u2014which option I have chosen, what would they say.
\n5.\tAct and Reflect on the Outcome
\no\tHow can my decision be implemented with the greatest care and attention to the concerns of all stakeholders?
\no\tHow did my decision turn out and what have I learned from this specific situation?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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