Posted: April 18th, 2023

The relationship between congruent dimensions of the self and nostalgia

Capstones, Theses and
Dissertations
2016
The connection between congruent dimensions of
the self and nostalgia

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Internet web page
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………… iv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………….. 1
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………………… 4
An Integrative Model of Persona………………………………………………………….. 4
Life Narratives and the Self……………………………………………………………………… 6
Nostalgia….. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. eight
The Significance of Congruence ………………………………………………………………… 10
Agentic and Communal Choices of Persona …………………………………………. 12
The Present Evaluation………………………………………………………………………………. 14
CHAPTER three STUDY 1 ……………………………………………………………………………. 17
Overview………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17
Vitality Analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………. 17
Methodology…….. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 18
Outcomes…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
Dialogue……………………………………………………………… …..…. 32
CHAPTER 4 STUDY 2 ……………………………………………………………………………. 34
Overview………………………………………………………………………………………………. 34
Vitality Analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………. 34
Methodology…….. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 35
Outcomes…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
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Dialogue……………………………………………………………… …..…. 48
CHAPTER 5 GENERAL DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………. 50
Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 50
Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 53
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 55
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 56
APPENDIX A IRB APPROVAL…………………………………………………………………. 64
APPENDIX B AGENCY AND COMMUNION ITEMS ………………………………… 65
APPENDIX C THE LIFE STORY INTERVIEW…………………………………………… 66
APPENDIX D NOSTALGIA QUESTIONNAIRE…………………………………………. 68
APPENDIX E SELF-ESTEEM QUESTIONS……………………………………………….. 69
APPENDIX F OPTIMISM QUESTIONNAIRE…………………………………………….. 70
APPENDIX G POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AFFECT SCHEDULE ……………… 71
APPENDIX H DEMOGRAPHICS QUESTIONNAIRE …………………………………. 72
APPENDIX I ACHIEVEMENT LIFE NARRATIVE INTERVIEW………………… 73
APPENDIX J RELATIONSHIP LIFE NARRATIVE INTERVIEW………………… 75
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ABSTRACT
The goal of this evaluation was to analysis the outcomes of agentic and communal traitnarrative congruence on nostalgia and to repeat earlier evaluation displaying that shallowness
and optimistic impact are mediators of the connection between nostalgia and optimism (Cheung et
al., 2013). In Study 1, members achieved scores of agentic and communal traits and had been
requested to write down down just a few optimistic earlier life event and full measures assessing nostalgia,
shallowness, optimism, and optimistic impact. It was predicted that the diploma to which individuals
rated themselves on agentic traits would have an effect on nostalgia after writing an achievementfocused narrative. It was moreover predicted that the diploma to which individuals rated themselves on
communal traits would have an effect on nostalgia after writing a relationship-focused narrative. The
hypothesis was not supported; writing a relationship-focused narrative was significantly related
to raised nostalgia irrespective of trait scores. In Study 2, all predictions and measures remained
the similar, nonetheless, narrative focus was manipulated. Members had been randomly assigned to
write just a few earlier life event focused on an achievement or focused on a relationship. The
hypothesis was partially supported; communal trait-narrative congruence was a significant
predictor of nostalgia, nonetheless agentic trait-narrative congruence was not. Every Study 1 and
Study 2 found that shallowness and optimistic impact mediated the connection between nostalgia
and optimism.
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CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW
Life narratives current the premise of 1’s id and have the power to reveal
relationships amongst an individual’s traits, targets, and behaviors. As an illustration, warmth and caring
habits is claimed to the trait of agreeableness (Graziano & Eisenberg, 1997), and folks
who’re extreme on the trait of agreeableness have been found to assemble life narratives that
comprise communal themes of affection, intimacy, and care (McAdams et al., 2004). Furthermore,
dimensions of the self that are congruent (e.g., agreeableness trait and communal-themed selfnarratives) have very important implications for one’s perceptions, expectations, and behaviors. For
event, a contemporary analysis demonstrated that the congruence between one’s traits and the related
behaviors predicted optimistic psychological adjustment (Sherman, Nave, & Funder, 2012).
The present problem examined the relationships between life narratives and the Enormous Two
character dimensions: firm and communion. Firm and communion are argued to be the
two fundamental modalities of human existence and the two main content material materials dimensions driving
self and completely different perceptions (Abele & Wojciszke, 2014; Bakan, 1966). Abele and Wojciszke
(2007) level out that firm is made up of traits that highlight the unbiased choices of the self,
akin to assertiveness, intelligence, self-reliance, and effectivity in objective attainment. Conversely,
communion incorporates traits that define the self by the use of social relationships, akin to
loyalty, take care of others, cooperativeness, and trustworthiness (Abele & Wojciszke, 2007). It has
been suggested that agentic and communal traits and are bolstered by telling tales about
experiences (McLean, Pasupathi, & Associates, 2007). Furthermore, earlier evaluation has confirmed that
individuals who had been extreme on firm and low on communion (e.g., narcissism) confirmed higher
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agentic themes than communal themes in nostalgic narratives (Hart et al., 2011). This implies
that the experience of nostalgia is likely to be influenced by congruence between an individual’s traits
and life narratives. Developing on this, the present analysis investigated whether or not or not congruence
between agentic and communal traits and related themes in a single’s life narratives (e.g., personal
achievement versus social relationship themes) influenced the experience of nostalgia.
Nostalgia is printed as a bittersweet, sentimental need for the earlier (Sedikides et al.,
2015). It could be distinguished from completely different affective experiences in that it serves four specific
options for the self: 1) will enhance optimistic impact, 2) will enhance shallowness, three) will enhance which suggests
in a single’s life, and 4) fosters social connectedness (Hepper, Ritchie, Sedikides, & Wildschut,
2012). Furthermore, the optimistic self-benefits triggered by the experience of nostalgia have been
confirmed to predict will enhance in optimism in regards to the future (Cheung et al., 2013). In flip, optimism
moreover offers fairly just a few advantages for the self, along with higher psychological and bodily wellbeing, along with further adaptive coping strategies all through annoying cases (Scheier & Carver,
1993). Optimism moreover has social benefits: Individuals who’re optimistic are often thought-about further
favorably by others than individuals who’re pessimistic (Helweg-Larsen, Sadeghian, & Webb,
2002). Thus, the self-benefit and social connectedness options of nostalgia are reflective of
firm and communion, respectively (Hart et al., 2011).
Given the private and interpersonal benefits of nostalgia, the current problem sought to
research whether or not or not congruency between agentic and communal traits and life narratives predicted
feelings of nostalgia (Vess, Arndt, Routledge, Sedikides, & Wildschut, 2012). It was anticipated
that individuals with further agentic traits who wrote life narratives that emphasised the
unbiased self (e.g., a personal achievement life event) would experience higher feelings of
nostalgia than individuals who rated themselves low on agentic traits. Conversely, it was
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anticipated that individuals with further communal traits who wrote life narratives that emphasised
the relational self (e.g., a relationship-focused life event) would experience higher feelings of
nostalgia than individuals who rated themselves low on communal traits. Replicating Cheung et
al. (2013), it was moreover predicted that the connection between nostalgia and optimism will be
mediated by shallowness and optimistic impact. Furthermore, in a second analysis that manipulated the
sort of life experience members mirrored on (e.g., personal achievement versus shut
relationship), it was predicted that congruence between traits and narrative focus would lead to
higher nostalgia and in flip, higher shallowness and optimism. Resulting from this reality, the following
sections of the present paper research how utterly completely different factors of the self are related and the best way
congruence amongst them might predict feelings of nostalgia and in flip, shallowness and
optimism.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
An Integrative Model of Persona
One method for locating out the self is to take a look at the distinct ranges of self-knowledge that
make up the character as a complete. Some college students have argued that character traits alone are
insufficient to make clear variations in habits and that motives and life experiences play an necessary
place inside the make-up of the self (McAdams & Olson, 2010; Murray 1938). For example, earlier
evaluation has demonstrated that traits and life narratives each contribute to the occasion and
maintenance of the other (McLean, Pasupathi, & Associates, 2007). McAdams and Olson (2010)
proposed an integrative model of character that consists of three separate layers of self: 1)
dispositional traits, 2) attribute permutations, and three) integrative life narratives.
Of their model, dispositional traits occupy the first layer of character. In response to
McAdams and Olson (2010), these traits develop in infancy, are related to fixed patterns in
concepts, feelings, and behaviors, and keep comparatively regular all through time and state of affairs. This
foundational layer of character represents each specific particular person as a social actor, and certain
attributes that are specific to each specific particular person are dropped on the flooring by frequently social
interactions. As an illustration, some actors are perceived as having an whole optimistic disposition
that fosters smoother social interactions, whereas others may have a further anxious disposition
that may adversely have an effect on their perceptions and interactions with others (McAdams & Olson,
2010).
The second layer of character is comprised of attribute permutations or an
specific particular person’s motives, values, and targets (McAdams & Olson, 2010). At this layer, people make
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decisions and plans for his or her lives, showing as motivational brokers. Pursuing and attaining targets
turns right into a excellent attribute in a single’s life as a result of the character develops, with this express layer
rising in early childhood. Goals can vary in magnitude and will probably be fast (e.g., going to
the publish office within the current day) or further long-term (e.g., sustaining good nicely being). Apparently, some
specific particular person variations in objective formulation will probably be outlined by dispositional traits. For example,
when an individual perceives a personality trait of themselves to be poor finally (e.g.,
unreliable), they will be further extra more likely to create a objective that may make up for the character trait
deficit (e.g., intention to finish a problem that they started). Equally, folks moreover create targets that
complement optimistic character traits (Reisz, Boudreaux, & Ozer, 2013). As an illustration, college
school college students who’re extraordinarily conscientious may create a objective to graduate with honors.
The third and excessive layer of character incorporates integrative life narratives, which make up
an individual’s narrative id and characterize the self as an autobiographical creator (McAdams
& Olson, 2010). Life narratives are the ultimate of the three layers to develop, are shaped by societal
expectations and norms, and are moreover influenced by every traits and attribute permutations.
Narrative identities are created by reconstructing events from the earlier to help people make sense
of their earlier life experiences. Narrative identities begin to develop all through adolescence and
as we age, our life narratives improve in complexity as they mix life experiences and
information gained. Life narratives help us speak who we’re, the place now we have now been, and
the place we’re going. McAdams and Olson (2010) conceive of this third layer of character as
reflective of every one’s self along with one’s custom on account of these life narratives develop over
time by social interactions.
The present problem expanded on this work to take a look at whether or not or not congruity amongst layers of
character would lead to optimistic psychological outcomes, particularly the experience of nostalgia
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and in flip, shallowness and optimism. As earlier evaluation has acknowledged patterns of firm
and communion all through the second and third layers (McAdams, Hoffman, Mansfield, & Day,
1996), the present problem investigated firm and communion on the primary and third layers. The
following half offers a top level view of research demonstrating how these three layers of
character are built-in and proof for optimistic psychological outcomes on account of their
integration.
Life Narratives and the Self
Life narratives are rich sources of information that reveal patterns and themes reflecting
specific particular person identities. Earlier investigations into life narrative content material materials have provided notion
into how life experiences develop and alter the self-concept. For example, some character
traits are mirrored in life narratives. Further notably, relationships between character traits
(layer 1) and life narratives (layer three) have been investigated by analyzing the life narrative’s
emotional tone, complexity, and its themes of firm (e.g., self-mastery and achievement) and
communion (e.g., love and group; McAdams et al., 2004). In response to McAdams et al.
(2004), folks have higher anxiousness are inclined to have persistently antagonistic emotional tones
all by their life narratives than those who have a lot much less anxiousness. Moreover they found that people
who’re further open are inclined to assemble further superior life narratives, and individuals who discover themselves often
agreeable narrate further communion-themed life experiences. Furthermore, character traits can
partially make clear the connection between interpretations of the earlier in life narratives and wellbeing. As an illustration, openness to experience has been confirmed to be related to a extra wholesome
interpretation of earlier antagonistic events, resulting in narratives of self-growth and higher whole
well-being (Associates & McAdams, 2011). The connection between traits and life narratives are
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very important on account of they provide proof for the strategies by which traits have an effect on how we narrate
our life experiences and the optimistic psychological outcomes of these narrative interpretations.
Consistency amongst traits, targets, and life narratives may end up in optimistic well-being.
McGregor, McAdams, and Little (2005) carried out three analysis assessing whether or not or not congruence
amongst college school college students’ character traits, targets, and life narrative identities was predictive of
the students’ whole happiness. As typical targets in college embody making new buddies and
doing successfully in classes, the researchers focused on social and tutorial choices of character
traits. Further notably, they created a Sociable Traits Index (STI) that aggregated scores all through
Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness (reverse-scored) to find out individuals who
will be considered sort of social whole. Traits and targets had been considered congruent if
school college students obtained extreme scores on the Sociable Traits Index (indicating further sociable folks)
and if scholar targets contained extreme social themes. The researchers predicted that school college students who
considered themselves extraordinarily sociable will be happier when their targets included social
themes, akin to attending social gatherings and making new buddies than school college students who had been a lot much less
sociable. Furthermore, in analysis 2 and three, members achieved a Life Story Episode Interview
that was coded for social themes. Outcomes indicated that every trait-goal congruence and trait-life
story congruence predicted happiness. Moreover, there was moreover a optimistic relationship between
social themes in targets and social themes in life tales. This evaluation offers proof that trait
and life narrative congruence may end up in optimistic psychological benefits.
The sooner evaluation on life narratives offers proof of integration of the three
layers of character and as well as demonstrates how this integration leads to optimistic penalties
for psychological well-being. Nonetheless, the relationships amongst layers of character, the
growth of life narratives, and feelings of nostalgia are unknown.
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Nostalgia
Nostalgia is an emotion that elicits largely optimistic, however as well as bittersweet feelings of
warmth and craving in regards to the earlier and would possibly occur as an individual shows on earlier life
experiences (Davis, 1979; Sedikides et al., 2015). Although nostalgia is printed as an emotion, it
is taken into consideration a blended state of affective and cognitive processes (Hepper et al., 2012). Completely different
examples of blended states are gratitude (Lambert, Graham, & Fincham, 2009) and jealousy
(Well being & Fletcher, 1993). Earlier evaluation has indicated that individuals all through cultures
conceive of nostalgia as being made up of three main parts: 1) longing for the earlier, 2)
antagonistic impact, and three) optimistic impact (Hepper et al., 2014). For example, nostalgia can occur
when folks reminisce about fond reminiscences from the earlier which have personal which suggests or
include shut relationships with others (Sedikides et al., 2015). Persons are inclined to view these
reminiscences by rose-colored glasses after which experience longing for this express time
(Hepper et al., 2012). This longing incorporates primarily optimistic emotions (e.g., warmth, affection,
pleasure, elation), however along with a lesser extent, incorporates antagonistic emotions (unhappiness, loss, fear; Holak &
Havlena, 1998). Although earlier evaluation has provided proof that nostalgia is definitely a
mixed emotional state, whether or not or not these emotions occur concurrently or sequentially has however to be
determined (Barrett et al., 2010).
Life narratives have develop right into a repeatedly used method for distinguishing nostalgic from
non-nostalgic reminiscences, along with for determining the optimistic psychological outcomes that
consequence from a nostalgic feeling. Wildschut et al. (2006) demonstrated that life narratives that led
to nostalgia had been further extra more likely to embody themes of redemption (e.g., tales that begin negatively
and end positively), further optimistic than antagonistic affective content material materials, and focused each on
relationships (e.g., shut buddies, relationships) or personally very important life events (e.g.,
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graduation). Furthermore, the researchers found that nostalgia resulted in higher shallowness
and optimistic impact. The researchers proposed that nostalgia is a fashion of affirming factors of the
self that individuals keep in extreme regard. As an illustration, in a analysis inspecting the experience of
nostalgia in narcissists, researchers found that individuals who rated themselves extreme on
narcissistic traits included further agentic themes in narratives describing a nostalgic memory
(Hart et al., 2011). Accordingly, this suggests that nostalgia could also be most likely to occur when
themes in life narratives are congruent with an individual’s notion of the self.
Earlier evaluation has confirmed that nostalgia can occur when individuals who’re further
socially oriented experience loneliness (Wildschut, Sedikides, Routledge, Arndt, & Cordaro,
2010). These folks use the experience of nostalgia as a method to essentially really feel further socially
linked. Consequently, nostalgia will enhance optimistic impact and shallowness, along with higher
perceptions of social help and which suggests in life (Routledge et al., 2011). This improve in wellbeing on account of nostalgia has moreover been confirmed buffer in the direction of threats to the self (Vess et al.,
2012). Apparently, nostalgia not solely has benefits for the present, however as well as encourages a
brighter outlook on the long term. Cheung et al. (2014) carried out four analysis displaying that 1)
nostalgic narratives comprise optimistic themes, 2) nostalgic events pretty than typical events lead
to raised optimism, three) shallowness and optimistic impact mediate the connection between nostalgia
and optimism, and 4) nostalgia promotes social connections, which leads to will enhance in selfesteem and optimism.
Every firm and communion have been acknowledged as main parts of nostalgic
narratives. For example, evaluation carried out by Abeyta, Routledge, Sedikides, and Wildschut
(2014) acknowledged social content material materials (i.e., relationships), attachment-related content material materials (i.e., feeling
cherished), and agentic content material materials (i.e., personal competence) as the primary themes in nostalgic, pretty
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than irregular memory narratives. Although feelings of nostalgia will probably be triggered when
folks replicate on earlier life events that include specific particular person achievements (e.g., graduation),
and personal id has been acknowledged as an very important aspect of nostalgia (Abeyta et al.,
2014), nostalgia appears to be a predominately social assemble and loads of reminiscences that speedy
nostalgia attribute the self in a context surrounded by shut others (Wildschut, Sedikides, Arndt, &
Routledge, 2006). Nonetheless, drawing on evaluation by Hart et al., 2011, the present evaluation
sought to take a look at whether or not or not achievement-focused reminiscences would moreover lead to nostalgia for these
individuals who rated themselves extreme on agentic traits, even when these reminiscences did not include
shut relationships. Furthermore, regardless that it was anticipated that relationship-focused
narratives would elicit nostalgia, it was predicted that nostalgia will be enhanced for
individuals who rated themselves extreme on communal traits pretty than low on communal traits.
The Significance of Congruence
Earlier evaluation has revealed optimistic penalties on account of getting congruence
between dimensions of the self. Congruence refers to a match or compatibility between
character traits, targets, life narratives, and/or habits (Sherman, Nave, & Funder,
2012). An occasion of trait-behavior congruence would occur when an extraverted specific particular person is
socializing with buddies at a celebration. Conversely, an occasion of incongruence would occur when a
shy specific particular person socializes with strangers at a giant social event. In an early analysis exploring traitbehavior congruence, Diener, Larsen, and Emmons (1984) found that certain character traits
predict the environmental circumstances folks choose to enter (i.e., the choice of circumstances
model). As an illustration, they found that extraverted folks search out social circumstances.
Importantly, congruency moreover leads to optimistic psychological outcomes. Evaluation on traitmemory congruence found that chronically joyful people had will enhance in shallowness pondering
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about optimistic reminiscences, whereas chronically unhappy people had decreases in shallowness
smitten by optimistic earlier events (Gebauer, Broemer, Haddock, & von Hecker, 2008).
Furthermore, congruence amongst traits, targets, and life narratives was demonstrated to predict
happiness (McGregor, McAdams, & Little, 2005). Lastly, individuals who rated themselves
extreme on narcissistic traits constructed nostalgic narratives that contained higher agentic (pretty
than communal) themes (Hart et al., 2011).
Further explorations of congruence led to the occasion of the semantic congruence
model, which signifies that autobiographical events are perceived as newer when trait selfperceptions are congruent with events that reveal this trait (Gebauer, Haddock, Broemer, &
von Hecker, 2013). Evaluation investigating this model confirmed that individuals who rated
themselves as warmth perceived an autobiographical event depicting warmth behaviors as newest,
even when the event occurred inside the distant earlier. Furthermore, those who rated themselves as chilly
moreover perceived an autobiographical event depicting chilly behaviors as newest. The similar pattern
was found with competency traits and reminiscences (Gebauer et al., 2013). This sense of recency
is an indication that members included these events into their generalized illustration of
self and thus experience closeness between their current self and the remembered self. This
suggests manipulation of trait-narrative congruence (e.g., Study 2 on this proposal) might
shortly have an effect on members’ perceptions of id or self-consistency.
Physiological responses to personality-behavior congruence have moreover been
demonstrated. Davis and Matthews (1996) found that cardiovascular reactivity (coronary coronary heart cost, blood
stress, cardiac output, full peripheral resistance, and pre-ejection interval) is influenced by
congruence between traits that fall beneath the scale of firm and communion, and
habits. Individuals who rated themselves as extraordinarily expressive (communion dimension)
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exhibited higher systolic blood stress reactivity after they’d been instructed to steer
one different particular person (agentic job), whereas individuals who rated themselves as extraordinarily instrumental
(firm dimension) confirmed higher diastolic blood stress reactivity when instructed to
empathize with one different particular person (communion job). Thus, cardiovascular reactivity elevated in
these circumstances the place there was incongruence between job requires and an individual’s
notion of self-competence.
Whole, earlier evaluation has indicated that congruence amongst character
traits, targets, and life narratives, can have specific psychological and even physiological
benefits. The present analysis sought to analysis how agentic and communal traits have an effect on
the best way through which we assemble and discuss our life experiences, and whether or not or not the congruence among the many many
layers of self-knowledge leads to the experience of nostalgia that in flip will enhance shallowness
and results in a further optimistic outlook on the long term.
Agentic and Communal Choices of Persona
Agentic traits (e.g., instrumental, formidable, unbiased) and communal traits (e.g.,
expressive, cooperative, interdependent) are fastidiously related to traits that are considered
further stereotypically masculine and feminine (Bem, 1974; Spence, 1984; Spence & Helmreich,
1978); nonetheless, an individual can cost himself/herself elevated on one trait and reduce on one different
irrespective of gender (Cross & Madson, 1997; Helgeson, 1994; Spence, 1984). Agentic traits are
considered helpful and interesting on account of they distinguish the self from others and help
folks in reaching targets in an surroundings pleasant methodology. Communal traits are considered helpful
and interesting on account of they foster social connectedness by specializing within the desires of others
(Abele & Wojciszke, 2007; Bakan, 1966). Every agentic and communal dimensions of the self
are central to the present evaluation on account of persons are motivated every to effectively receive
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their targets to revenue the self and to engage in shut relationships with others to revenue others
(Abele &Wojciszke, 2007; Bakan, 1966).
Earlier evaluation has acknowledged relationships between agentic traits and behaviors and
communal traits and behaviors. As an illustration, in a longitudinal analysis Abele (2003) demonstrated
that prime scores on agentic traits predicted a greater likelihood of occupation success (e.g., earnings,
expert standing, notion of success) and extreme scores on communal traits predicted further
involvement in family roles (e.g., dwelling with a companion, need to ultimately have children).
Furthermore, newest evaluation that examined relationships between one’s character traits and the
content material materials of 1’s life narratives found that individuals who rated themselves extreme on communal
traits focused their life narratives on relationships, whereas individuals who rated themselves
extreme on agentic traits focused their life narratives on personal achievements (Austin & Costabile,
2016). This was the case even when controlling for gender.
Congruence between agentic traits and habits has useful outcomes. As an illustration,
Nakash and Brody (2006) found that congruence between agentic character motives and job
conditions requiring agency-oriented behaviors (e.g., ending a job independently) led to
further agentic content material materials in autobiographical narratives and prompted autobiographical narratives to
be often a lot much less antagonistic. Furthermore, congruence between extreme scores of communal traits
(e.g., compassionate, delicate, loyal) and perceptions of higher social help from supervisors
and coworkers has been confirmed to behave as a buffer in the direction of occupational stress (Beehr, Farmer,
Glazer, Gudanowski, & Nair, 2003). Furthermore, in a analysis the place members had been requested to
write just a few nostalgic event from their lives, the narratives of people that rated themselves
extreme on narcissistic traits (e.g., extreme firm, low communion) contained higher agentic themes
(Hart et al., 2011).
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Collectively, congruence between agentic and communal traits and related behaviors and
cognitions appear to have a central have an effect on on psychological well-being and autobiographical
event perceptions. Offered that nostalgia has been confirmed to have specific particular person and social benefits,
the aim of the present evaluation was to take a look at if related congruent dimensions of the self (pretty
than incongruent dimensions) encourage optimistic reflections of earlier experiences that lead to
higher well-being.
The Present Evaluation
As nostalgia has substantial benefits to the self (e.g., will enhance in optimistic impact, selfesteem, optimism, social connectedness, and which suggests in life), it is rather necessary proceed to
uncover the exact parts that evoke it. The present analysis aimed to cope with this by inspecting
whether or not or not congruence between agentic/communal traits and achievement/relationship-focused life
narratives led to feelings of nostalgia, which could in flip enhance shallowness and optimism
in regards to the future. Notably, it was predicted that individuals who rated themselves elevated on
agentic traits, would level out higher nostalgia when writing achievement-focused life narratives
than individuals who rated themselves low on agentic traits. The similar pattern was anticipated for
individuals who rated themselves extreme on communal traits, who wrote relationship-focused life
narratives. In accordance with earlier evaluation, the connection between nostalgia and optimism was
anticipated to be mediated by shallowness and optimistic impact (Cheung et al., 2013).
This problem carried out two analysis to find these hypotheses. The first analysis
investigated whether or not or not individuals who naturally reveal trait-narrative congruence will be
further extra more likely to experience feelings of nostalgia after writing an essay just a few optimistic event in
their life than would folks whose traits and narratives had been incongruent. Further
notably, Study 1 consisted of a correlational analysis by which members had been free to write down down
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about any optimistic, personally necessary life event. They’d been requested to focus on one specific
event and level out when the event occurred, what occurred, who was involved, and why it was
an very important event of their life. On account of this analysis was carried out in two separate intervals, it
was assumed that individuals who demonstrated congruity between traits and focus of life
narratives inside the analysis will be these individuals who chronically present congruity between
traits and life narratives.
The second analysis examined whether or not or not shortly induced congruence would have associated
outcomes on members’ feelings of nostalgia, shallowness, and optimism. For Study 2,
members had been instructed to write down down their personal life event with the experimenter manipulating
whether or not or not the principle goal was on a personal achievement or an interpersonal relationship. It was
hypothesized that congruence between an individual’s traits and narrative content material materials would predict
nostalgia. Notably, individuals who rated themselves extreme on agentic traits and who had been
assigned to write down down about an achievement, had been anticipated to be further extra more likely to experience nostalgia
than those who rated themselves lower on agentic traits. Furthermore, it was anticipated that
individuals who rated themselves extreme on communal traits and who had been instructed to write down down
about an interpersonal relationship would experience higher nostalgia than those who rated
themselves lower on communal traits.
To repeat work carried out by Cheung et al. (2013), every Study 1 and Study 2 examined
shallowness and optimistic impact as potential mediators of nostalgia and optimism. Of their first
analysis, Cheung et al. (2013) demonstrated that nostalgia induced with narratives was related to
optimism by the use of optimistic impact. In a second analysis, these researchers confirmed that nostalgia induced
with music was related to optimism by the use of shallowness. As the present analysis used narratives, it was
hypothesized that every optimistic impact and shallowness would mediate the connection between
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nostalgia and optimism. It have to be well-known that IRB approval was obtained earlier to the initiation
of this evaluation (see Appendix A).
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CHAPTER three
STUDY 1
Overview
Study 1 examined whether or not or not pure congruence of traits and life narrative focus would
lead to feelings of nostalgia. For Study 1, members had been requested to write down down just a few earlier life
event that was optimistic. It was hypothesized that congruence between an individual’s traits and
narrative focus would lead to nostalgia. It was anticipated that for individuals who focused their
narratives on personal achievements, individuals who rated themselves extreme on agentic traits
will be further extra more likely to experience nostalgia than those who rated themselves low on agentic
traits. Furthermore, it was anticipated that for individuals who focused their narratives on shut
relationships, those who rated themselves extreme on communal traits would experience higher
nostalgia than those who rated themselves low on communal traits. Lastly, it was anticipated that
shallowness and optimistic impact would mediate the connection between nostalgia and optimism.
Vitality Analysis
To estimate the required sample measurement, an affect analysis was carried out using G*Vitality
(Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, & Buchner, 2007). Earlier work has demonstrated largely small influence
sizes referring to the relationships between trait-goal congruence, trait-life narrative congruence,
and optimistic psychological outcomes (e.g., McGregor et al., 2006). An entire sample measurement required
to detect an influence in a linear various regression analysis was calculated at an influence measurement of Zero.06
and observed vitality of Zero.80. Based on the outcomes of the power analysis, an entire sample of 133
members was helpful to conduct this evaluation. To be conservative, Study 1 recruited
162 members.
18
Methodology
Members
Members included 162 undergraduate school college students from Iowa State Faculty who
obtained course credit score rating for participation (MAge = 19.12; SD = 1.89). To be eligible for this analysis,
members had been required to be a minimal of 18 years of age and had been to not have participated in any
earlier life narrative analysis at Iowa State Faculty. The sample consisted of 63 males and
99 females, with the majority (82%) determining as White/Caucasian (5.6% Asian/Pacific
Islander, three.7 % African American, three.7% Latino/Hispanic, three.1% Completely different Race, Zero.6% Indian, Zero.6%
Native American).
Study Design
All members achieved the similar measures in a correlational evaluation design.
Members received measures assessing agentic and communal traits, feelings of nostalgia,
ranges of self-importance, optimistic and antagonistic impact, and optimism in regards to the future. Members
moreover achieved a optimistic, personally necessary event speedy from the Life Story Interview
(McAdams, 1985). They’d been requested to write down down a story about any optimistic event from their earlier.
There have been few constraints on narrative content material materials, as one among many targets was to find out the pure
focus of their essays. Nonetheless, the instructions indicated that their story must be optimistic and it
must be a single event.
Measures
Firm and communion. All members indicated the diploma to which a group of 16
phrases pertaining to firm and communion described them (Abele, Uchronski, Suitner, &
Wojciszke, 2008). Two scales had been constructed, each with eight objects, averaging scores on
agentic and communal objects. Examples of agentic objects ( = .78) included Ready, Vigorous, and
19
Assertive. Examples of communal objects ( = .89) included Caring, Helpful, and Loyal.
Members responded on a 7-point scale, 1 = in no way or almost in no way true to 7 = always or almost
always true. Firm and Communion Objects will probably be current in Appendix B.
The Life Story Interview. Identical to the extreme degree speedy from the life story interview
developed by McAdams (1985), each participant was requested to write down down just a few optimistic, personally
necessary event from their life that described who they’re. They’d been requested to focus on one
specific event and level out when the event occurred, what occurred, who was involved, and why
it was very important. Furthermore, members rated their very personal essays on a 5-point scale, 1 =
strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree, for five themes of agentic and communal focus (e.g.,
“Please cost the diploma to which the story you wrote earlier shows the following themes:
unbiased achievement, self-reliance, group achievement, take care of others, shut
relationships”). A “Narrative Firm” scale was constructed by summing participant scores on
the “unbiased achievement” and “self-reliance” objects, = .89. A “Narrative Communion”
scale was constructed by summing participant scores on the “take care of others” and “shut
relationships” objects, = .75. The “Group Achievement” focus merchandise was analyzed
independently as a result of it was not clear how group achievements will be associated to firm or
communion. The Interview and follow-up questions will probably be current in Appendix C.
Nostalgia. Identical to Cheung et al. (2013), all members had been requested to level how
nostalgic they felt after reflecting on their earlier life event on a 6-point scale, 1 = strongly
disagree to 6 = strongly agree. The measure of nostalgia consists of 13 objects (e.g., “Correct now, I
am feeling pretty nostalgic,” “I actually really feel every longing for the earlier and happiness after smitten by
this event,” “I am feeling sentimental for the earlier,” and “I would not have to re-live this event”)
and assesses the diploma to which an individual is experiencing nostalgia. All 13 objects had been
20
averaged and a reliability analysis indicated that this was a reliable measure, = .89. The
Nostalgia Questionnaire will probably be current in Appendix D.
Self-Esteem. Identical to Cheung et al. (2013), a measure of state shallowness was used to
research shallowness after reflecting on their memory. Members rated their shallowness on a 5-
degree scale, 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree and the measure consists of four objects
with the stem, “After smitten by this event” added sooner than each (e.g., “I be happy with
myself,” “I like myself larger,” “I like myself further,” and “I’ve many optimistic qualities”). All
four objects had been averaged and a reliability analysis indicated that this was a reliable measure =
.86. The Self-Esteem Questions will probably be current in Appendix E.
Optimism. Identical to Cheung et al. (2013), all members had been requested to level their
diploma of optimism for the long term on a 6-point scale, 1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree.
The measure consists of seven objects full (e.g., “This event makes me actually really feel in a position to sort out new
challenges,” and “This event makes me actually really feel optimistic about my future) to judge optimism
expert after writing in regards to the event. Contained in the seven objects, the measure moreover included two
objects to judge optimism all through agentic and communal domains. Specific objects had been: “This
event makes me actually really feel optimistic about my future achievements,” and “This event makes me actually really feel
optimistic about my future relationships.” All objects had been averaged and this measure had good
reliability, =.90. The Optimism Questionnaire will probably be current in Appendix F.
Optimistic and antagonistic impact. All members achieved the 20-item Optimistic and
Damaging Affective Schedule (PANAS), with 10 objects assessing optimistic impact and 10 objects
assessing antagonistic impact (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988). Identical to Cheung et al. (2013),
the stem “Severe about this event makes me actually really feel” was added to each merchandise and members
rated the extent to which they felt each emotion in regards to the event on a 5-point scale, 1 = very
21
barely or in no way to 5 = terribly. Examples of optimistic impact objects embody attentive,
, and alert. Examples of antagonistic impact objects embody distressed, upset, and hostile.
The optimistic impact objects had been summed to create an entire optimistic impact score and a reliability
analysis indicated that this scale had good reliability, =.85. The antagonistic impact objects had been
summed to create an entire antagonistic impact score and a reliability analysis indicated that this scale
moreover had good reliability, =.83. The PANAS will probably be current in Appendix G.
Demographics. Basic demographic information was collected from each participant,
akin to age, gender, ethnicity, first language found, and language spoken at home. The
Demographics Questionnaire will probably be current in Appendix H.
Course of
Members achieved measures for the first part of the two-part analysis on-line using
Qualtrics software program program (Qualtrics, Provo, UT). After first ending an educated consent doc,
members achieved demographic information (see Appendix H), along with one measure
assessing agentic and communal traits (see Appendix B). Members had been then requested to return
to the laboratory at a separate time for the second part of the analysis. The day sooner than the
laboratory session, members had been emailed and instructed that they is likely to be writing just a few optimistic
life event the next day. The goal of letting members know ahead of time what they’d been
going to write down down about was to supply them adequate time to copy on their life experiences. This
allowed members to spend most of their time on the lab writing their story. On the laboratory
session, members achieved all measures on Qualtrics. They first achieved a optimistic,
personally necessary life event speedy from The Life Story Interview that included follow-up
questions assessing narrative focus (see Appendix C), adopted in order by measures assessing
nostalgia, shallowness, optimism, and impact (see Appendices D, E, F, and G). For the life event
22
speedy, they’d been instructed to write down down a minimal of two paragraphs detailing a optimistic, personally
necessary event from their life. They’d been instructed that this event is likely to be from any time of their
life, nevertheless that it wanted to be one specific event and by no means a traditional time interval. They received 30
minutes to write down down their story. In the end measures had been achieved, the members had been thanked
for his or her participation and debriefed. The standard number of days in between the completion of
half 1 and half 2 of the analysis was 40.1.
Outcomes
Analyses Overview
The first objective of the present analysis was to analysis whether or not or not congruence between
character traits and life narrative focus will be related to of the experience of
nostalgia. The second objective was to take a look at shallowness and optimistic impact as potential mediators
of nostalgia and optimism.
Narrative focus coding. To seek out out narrative focus, two evaluation assistants coded
each narrative on a 5-point scale that indicated whether or not or not the principle goal was on a relationship, an
achievement, or neither. As an illustration, a narrative that had a significant consider relationships was
coded a 1, whereas a narrative that had a significant consider achievements was coded a 5. If the
focus was on neither, the narrative will be coded a 3. If the principle goal was completely on
relationships, nevertheless had elements of an achievement, the narrative was coded a 2. If the principle goal was
completely on achievement, nevertheless had elements of relationships, the narrative was coded a 4.
Putting every achievements and relationships on one scale provided a chance to find out the
central focus of the essay. Every evaluation assistants coded each narrative independently and their
scores had been averaged. An interrater reliability analysis indicated a common diploma of settlement,
kappa = .57. Nonetheless, a Spearman’s rho revealed a statistically necessary relationship between
23
coders, rs(128) = .86, p < .01. For the goal of differentiating between narratives that had been
coded objectively and participant scores of narrative focus, purpose scores is likely to be referred to
as “Narrative Focus.”
Participant narrative focus scores. As stated earlier, participant scores of
achievement narrative focus is likely to be generally known as “Narrative Firm” and participant scores of
relationship narrative focus is likely to be generally known as “Narrative Communion.” The “Narrative
Firm” scale was constructed by summing participant scores on the “unbiased
achievement” and “self-reliance” objects. The “Narrative Communion” scale was constructed by
summing participant scores on the “take care of others” and “shut relationships” objects. Participant
scores of narrative consider the “Group Achievement” merchandise was analyzed independently and
may be included in these analyses.
Congruence analyses. A moderated regression analysis was carried out to test traitnarrative congruence, notably whether or not or not the interaction of traits and narrative focus predicted
nostalgia. Agentic and communal traits had been examined in separate fashions on account of they’re extraordinarily
correlated with each other and there have been no three-way interaction predictions on this analysis. In
all analyses, gender was managed for, as agentic and communal traits are related to gender
stereotypes (Bem, 1974). Impact was not included as a administration variable on this analysis as a result of the
PANAS was achieved after the life narrative speedy and the measure of nostalgia in the middle of the
analysis session.
Path analysis. A mediational analysis (Preacher & Hayes, 2004) was moreover carried out to
research the connection between nostalgia, shallowness, optimistic impact, and optimism.
Replicating Cheung et al. (2013), it was predicted that the connection between nostalgia and
optimism will be mediated by shallowness and optimistic impact.
24
Descriptive Information
Descriptive statistics for all unbiased and dependent variables are provided in Desk 1.
Members whole rated themselves barely elevated on communal traits (M = 5.94, SD = .86)
than on agentic traits (M = 5.45, SD = .75). The standard Narrative Focus score (M = three.Zero03, SD =
1.53) fell merely over the middle of the scale indicating that on the entire, members focused further
on achievements than relationships of their narratives. Nonetheless, a paired-samples t-test confirmed
that Narrative Communion scores (M = eight.15, SD = 2.02) had been significantly elevated than Narrative
Firm scores (M = 7.23, SD = 2.44), t(159) = three.40, p = .Zero01, d = .27, indicating that
members rated their very personal narratives as extraordinarily focused on shut relationships. Furthermore,
members rated their narratives as extraordinarily nostalgic, and indicated extreme ranges of self-importance and
optimism. A correlational analysis was moreover carried out to take a look at relationships amongst variables
(see Desk 2).
Desk 1.
Descriptives for Study 1 Predictor and Finish consequence Variables
Fluctuate
Measure n M SD α Potential Exact
Firm 162 5.45 Zero.75 .78 1-7 2.38-7.00
Communion 162 5.94 Zero.86 .89 1-7 2.25-7.00
Narrative Focus 162 three.Zero03 1.53 – 1-5 1.00-5.00
Narrative Firm 160 7.23 2.44 .89 2-10 2.00-10.00
Narrative Communion 160 eight.15 2.02 .75 2-10 2.00-10.00
Group Achievement 160 three.46 1.30 – 1-5 1.00-5.00
Nostalgia 162 4.76 Zero.82 .89 1-6 2.08-6.00
Self-Esteem 162 three.79 Zero.61 .86 1-5 2.50-5.00
Optimism 162 4.72 Zero.80 .90 1-6 2.29-5.86
Optimistic Impact 159 42.57 eight.04 .85 10-60 21.00-59.00
25
Desk 2.
Correlations between Study 1 Predictor, Moderator, Mediator, and Finish consequence Variables
Variables 1. 2. three. 4. 5. 6. 7. eight. 9. 10.
1. Firm 1.00
2. Communion .55** 1.00
three. Gender -.19* -.33** 1.00
4. Narrative Focus .12 .02 .16* 1.00
5. Narrative Firm .25** .21** -.15 .45** 1.00
6. Narrative
Communion .04 .02 -.17* -.52** -.16*
1.00
7. Group
Achievement .06 .04 .08 .09 -.03 .33** 1.00
eight. Nostalgia .14 .24** -.24** -.05 .11 .18* .19* 1.00
9. Self-Esteem .31** .23** -.20* .18* .28** .12 .18* .45** 1.00
10. Optimism .40** .37** -.20* .11 .39** .18* .18* .35** .58** 1.00
11. Optimistic Impact .56** .39** -.15 .23** .34** .09 .10 .33** .48** .62**
Discover. For Gender, females coded Zero, males coded 1; *p < .05; **p < .01
26
Trait-Narrative Congruence
Narrative focus. A moderated regression analysis was carried out to test the prediction
that for individuals who rated themselves extreme on agentic traits, those who wrote achievementfocused narratives would cost their earlier life event as further nostalgic than those who rated
themselves low on agentic traits. Agentic traits, Narrative Focus, and gender had been centered and
entered on Step 1, with the interaction time interval of firm and Narrative Focus entered on Step 2.
Reverse to hypothesis, agentic trait-narrative congruence did not predict nostalgia, b = -.04,
t(157) = -.46, p = .65. At this step, the one necessary predictor of nostalgia was gender, with
girls reporting higher nostalgia than males b = -.22, t(157) = -2.77, p = .01. These outcomes can
be current in Desk three.
Desk three.
Study 1 Interaction: Firm X Narrative Focus Predicting Nostalgia (N = 162)
Predictor b se df t p
Step 1
Firm Zero.10 Zero.06 158 1.25 Zero.21
Narrative Focus -Zero.03 Zero.07 158 -Zero.39 Zero.70
Gender -Zero.22 Zero.13 158 -2.75 Zero.01
Step 2
Firm Zero.11 Zero.07 157 1.33 Zero.19
Narrative Focus -Zero.02 Zero.07 157 -Zero.31 Zero.76
Gender -Zero.22 Zero.13 157 -2.77 Zero.01
Firm*Narrative Focus -Zero.04 Zero.07 157 -Zero.46 Zero.65
A second moderated regression analysis was carried out to test the prediction that for
these individuals who rated themselves extreme on communal traits, those who wrote relationshipfocused narratives would cost their earlier life event as further nostalgic than those who rated
themselves low on communal traits. Communal traits, Narrative Focus, and gender had been
27
centered and entered on Step 1, with the communal trait-narrative focus interaction time interval entered
on Step 2. Reverse to hypothesis, communal trait-narrative congruence did not predict elevated
ranges of nostalgia, b = .06, t(157) = .80, p = .42. Nonetheless, communal traits b = .18, t(157) =
2.21, p = .03 and gender b = -.17, t(157) = -2.02, p = .04 predicted nostalgia. Individuals who
rated themselves extreme on communion and girls reported higher nostalgia. Narrative Focus
was not a significant predictor of nostalgia, (b = -.04, p = .63). These outcomes will probably be current in
Desk 4.
Desk 4.
Study 1 Interaction: Communion X Narrative Focus Predicting Nostalgia (N = 162)
Predictor b se df t p
Step 1
Communion Zero.18 Zero.06 158 2.29 Zero.02
Narrative Focus -Zero.03 Zero.07 158 -Zero.39 Zero.69
Gender -Zero.18 Zero.13 158 -2.17 Zero.03
Step 2
Communion Zero.18 Zero.06 157 2.21 Zero.03
Narrative Focus -Zero.04 Zero.07 157 -Zero.48 Zero.63
Gender -Zero.17 Zero.14 157 -2.02 Zero.04
Communion*Narrative Focus Zero.06 Zero.07 157 Zero.80 Zero.42
Narrative firm. To find whether or not or not congruence between agentic traits and Narrative
Firm (i.e., participant scores of accomplishment focus of their very personal narratives) would predict
nostalgia, an additional moderated regression analysis was carried out. Agentic traits, Narrative
Firm, and gender had been centered and entered on Step 1, with the interaction time interval of firm and
Narrative Firm entered on Step 2. Identical to the outcomes above, congruence between agentic
traits and participant scores of accomplishment focus did not predict nostalgia, b = -.04, t(155) = –
.46, p = .64. Gender was a significant predictor of nostalgia at this second step, b = -.24, t(155) =
-2.97, p < .01. See Desk 5 for these outcomes.
28
Desk 5.
Study 1 Interaction: Firm X Narrative Firm Predicting Nostalgia (N = 160)
Predictor b se df t p
Step 1
Firm Zero.07 Zero.07 156 Zero.89 Zero.37
Narrative Firm Zero.06 Zero.06 156 Zero.78 Zero.44
Gender -Zero.23 Zero.13 156 -2.94 Zero.Zero04
Step 2
Firm Zero.08 Zero.07 155 Zero.96 Zero.34
Narrative Firm Zero.05 Zero.06 155 Zero.68 Zero.50
Gender -Zero.24 Zero.13 155 -2.97 Zero.Zero03
Firm*Narrative Firm -Zero.04 Zero.07 155 -Zero.46 Zero.64
Narrative communion. To find whether or not or not congruence between communal traits and
Narrative Communion (i.e., participant scores of relationship focus of their very personal narratives)
predicted nostalgia, an additional moderated regression analysis was carried out. Communal
traits, Narrative Communion, and gender had been centered and entered on Step 1, with the
interaction time interval of communion and Narrative Communion entered on Step 2. On this model, the
interaction of communal traits and Narrative Communion significantly predicted nostalgia, b = –
.21, t(155) = -2.67, p = .01. At this step, communal traits b = .24, t(155) = 2.96, p < .01 and
Narrative Communion b = .19, SE = , t(157) = 2.53, p = .01 moreover predicted nostalgia, nonetheless,
gender did not (b = -.13, p = .11). For instance this interaction, it was plotted at one customary
deviation above and beneath the suggest of every variables (See Decide 1).
A straightforward slope analysis revealed that communion was positively related to nostalgia for
low ranges of Narrative Communion, b = .43, t(155) = three.64, p < .Zero01. Nonetheless, there was not a
necessary relationship between communion and nostalgia for prime ranges of Narrative
Communion, b = .01, t(155) = .06, p = .95. Whole, there have been no variations in feelings of
nostalgia between folks with extreme and low communal traits for narratives with a extreme
29
relationship focus. Nonetheless, individuals who rated themselves extreme on communal traits rated
higher feelings of nostalgia for narratives lower in relationship focus than individuals who rated
themselves lower on communal traits. See Decide 1 and Desk 6 for these outcomes.
Mediation Analysis
Following the procedures helpful by Preacher and Hayes (2004), a mediational
analysis was carried out to repeat Cheung et al. (2013) to find shallowness and optimistic
impact as potential mediators of the connection between nostalgia and optimism. As anticipated,
nostalgia led to shallowness (b = .34, SE = .05), t(157) = 6.30, p < .Zero01. Nostalgia moreover led to
optimistic impact (b = three.25, SE = .74), t(157) = 4.40, p < .Zero01. A bootstrapping analysis (Hayes,
2012; Model 4; 10,00Zero resamples) was carried out with shallowness and optimistic impact included
as parallel mediators. With every shallowness and optimistic impact inside the model, the direct influence of
nostalgia on optimism was not necessary, Mdirect influence= .04, SE = .06, t(157) = 4.402, p = .56.
The indirect influence of nostalgia on optimism by the use of shallowness was necessary, Mindirect influence = .29,
SE = .03, 95% CI = [.09, .23]. The indirect influence of nostalgia on optimism by the use of optimistic impact
was moreover necessary, Mindirect influence =.14, SE = .04, 95% CI = [.08, .22]. Thus, every shallowness and
optimistic impact mediated the connection between nostalgia and optimism. See Decide 2 and
Desk 7 for these outcomes.
30
Decide 1. Interaction of communal traits and narrative communion on nostalgia. Values plotted at +/- 1 SD of the suggest of each
variable.
Desk 6.
Study 1 Interaction: Communion X Narrative Communion Predicting Nostalgia (N = 160)
Predictor b se df t ∆R
2
p
Step 1 Zero.12 Zero.00
Communion Zero.20 Zero.06 156 2.46 Zero.01
Narrative Communion Zero.15 Zero.06 156 1.92 Zero.06
Gender -Zero.16 Zero.13 156 -2.03 Zero.04
Step 2 Zero.04 Zero.01
Communion Zero.24 Zero.06 155 2.96 Zero.00
Narrative Focus Zero.19 Zero.06 155 2.53 Zero.01
Gender -Zero.13 Zero.13 155 -1.63 Zero.11
Communion*Narrative Communion -Zero.21 Zero.07 155 -2.67 Zero.01
three
three.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
Extreme Communion Low Communion
Nostalgia
Low Narrative
Communion
Extreme Narrative
Communion
31
Decide 2. Relationships between nostalgia, shallowness, optimistic impact, and optimism.
Desk 7.
Assessments of Direct and Indirect Outcomes inside the Mediational Model of Study 1 (N = 162)
Impression Decide 1 path Coeff. SE 95% CI
Direct outcomes
Nostalgia  Self-importance a .337** .Zero54 [.232, .443]
Nostalgia  Optimistic impact b three.247** .737 [1.790, 4.703]
Nostalgia  Optimism c .Zero37 .Zero63 [-.089, .162]
Self-importance  Optimism d .447** .Zero91 [.267, .627]
Optimistic impact  Optimism e .zero44** .Zero07 [.030, .057]
Indirect influence: Nostalgia  Optimism
Full .292** .Zero48 [.205, .394]
by the use of Self-importance a x d .151** .Zero34 [.090, .227]
by the use of Optimistic impact a x e .142** .Zero37 [.079, .222]
Discover. Coeff. = unstandardized path coefficient; 95% CI = 95% bootstrap confidence interval; **p < .Zero01
Nostalgia
Self-importance
Optimistic
impact
Optimism
a
d
b
e
c
32
Dialogue
The first objective of Study 1 was to find out a hyperlink between trait-narrative congruence and
feelings of nostalgia. It was predicted that amongst individuals who rated themselves extreme on
agentic traits, those who naturally wrote achievement-oriented life narratives would experience
higher nostalgia than those who had been low on agentic traits. These predictions weren’t
supported. Furthermore, it was predicted that amongst individuals who rated themselves extreme on
communal traits, those who naturally wrote relationship-oriented life narratives would
experience higher nostalgia than individuals who rated themselves low on communal traits.
Although individuals who rated themselves extreme on communal traits did cost relationshipfocused (Narrative Communion) narratives as extraordinarily nostalgic, as well as they rated narratives with a
low relationship focus as extraordinarily nostalgic. Furthermore, individuals who rated themselves low
on communal traits rated relationship-focused narratives (Narrative Communion) as extraordinarily
nostalgic, which was reverse to predictions. Whole, there have been no necessary relationships
between trait-narrative congruence and feelings of nostalgia.
It is potential that the methodology used on this analysis led to the predictions not being
supported. Members had been solely requested to write down down just a few optimistic event and purpose scores of
participant narratives suggested that many had been writing about achievements. Which means that
the speedy itself may have inadvertently impressed achievement-related events. This topic was
addressed in Study 2 by asking members to write down down notably about an achievement- or a
relationship-focused event.
Although there have been no necessary findings with regard to trait-narrative congruence,
completely different fascinating patterns with nostalgia emerged. As an illustration, individuals who rated
themselves extreme on communal traits had been further extra more likely to level out nostalgia than folks low
33
on communal traits. Furthermore, in step with earlier literature (Sedikides et al., 2015),
members who wrote about an event that they deemed as focused on shut relationships rated
these life events as extraordinarily nostalgic. Lastly, the diploma to which members rated their
narratives as being focused on a bunch achievement predicted nostalgia. Nostalgia was not
correlated, nonetheless, with diploma to which members wrote about an individual achievement.
These outcomes current help for earlier evaluation suggesting that nostalgia is primarily a social
emotion, however as well as current additional proof for the agentic a part of nostalgia (Sedikides
et al., 2015). Further notably, these outcomes suggest that an achievement-oriented memory can
result in feelings of nostalgia if the memory contains a social half.
Replicating Cheung et al. (2013), shallowness and optimistic impact had been every found to
mediate the connection between nostalgia and optimism. Nostalgia led to elevated shallowness
and optimistic impact, which led to raised feelings of optimism in regards to the future. Correlational
analyses revealed necessary relationships amongst participant scores of achievement-focused
narratives and shallowness, optimism, and optimistic impact. There have been no necessary
relationships, nonetheless, amongst participant scores of relationship-focused narratives and selfesteem, optimism, and optimistic impact. Taken collectively, these outcomes suggest that writing about an
achievement offers a raise to the self-concept exterior of nostalgia. Conversely, writing about
a relationship, is further extra more likely to result in feelings of nostalgia, and outcomes from the mediational
analyses level out that nostalgia leads to higher shallowness, optimistic impact, and optimism.

34
CHAPTER 4
STUDY 2
Overview
To deal with the methodological issues with narrative focus in Study 1, Study 2 manipulated
narrative focus and requested members to write down down just a few earlier life event that focused on an
achievement or a relationship. Study 2 examined whether or not or not shortly induced congruence of
traits and life narrative focus would lead to feelings of nostalgia. It was hypothesized that
congruence between an individual’s traits and narrative focus would lead to feelings of nostalgia.
Throughout the achievement focus scenario, it was anticipated that individuals who rated themselves extreme
on agentic traits will be further extra more likely to experience nostalgia than those who rated themselves
low on agentic traits. Furthermore, it was anticipated that for folks inside the relationship focus
scenario, those who rated themselves extreme on communal traits would experience higher
nostalgia than those who rated themselves low on communal traits. Lastly, it was anticipated that
shallowness and optimistic impact would mediate the connection between nostalgia and optimism.
Vitality Analysis
To estimate the required sample measurement, an affect analysis was carried out using G*Vitality
(Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, & Buchner, 2007). Earlier work has demonstrated largely small influence
sizes referring to the relationships between trait-goal congruence, trait-life narrative congruence,
and optimistic psychological outcomes (McGregor et al., 2006). An entire sample measurement required to
detect an influence in a linear various regression analysis was calculated at an influence measurement of Zero.06
and observed vitality of Zero.80. Based on the outcomes of the power analysis, an entire sample of 133
members was helpful to conduct this evaluation. On account of Study 2 included a mixed
35
design with two experimental conditions, an additional vitality analysis was calculated using
G*Vitality to search out out an entire sample measurement required to detect an influence in an ANCOVA analysis at
an influence measurement of Zero.25 and observed vitality of Zero.80 (Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, & Buchner, 2007).
Based on the outcomes of the power analysis, an entire sample of 128 members was helpful
to conduct this evaluation. Study 2 recruited 128 members.
Methodology
Members
Members included 128 undergraduate school college students from Iowa State Faculty who
obtained course credit score rating for participation (MAge = 19.three; SD = 2.05). To be eligible for this analysis,
members had been required to be a minimal of 18 years of age and had been to not have participated in any
earlier life narrative analysis at Iowa State Faculty. The sample consisted of 41 males and
87 females, with the majority (77.three%) determining as White/Caucasian (7.eight% Asian/Pacific
Islander, 6.three % African American, 5.5% Latino/Hispanic, 1.6% Completely different Race, Zero.eight% Native
American).
Study Design
A mixed model design was carried out with members randomized to one amongst two
conditions: 1) achievement narrative focus scenario or 2) relationship narrative focus scenario.
All members achieved the similar trait, nostalgia, shallowness, optimism, and optimistic impact
measures from Study 1 in Study 2.
Measures
Firm and communion. Much like Study 1, all members indicated the diploma to
which a group of 16 phrases pertaining to firm and communion described them (Abele,
Uchronski, Suitner, & Wojciszke, 2008). Two scales had been constructed, each with eight objects,
36
averaging scores on agentic and communal objects. Examples of agentic objects ( = .75) included
Ready, Vigorous, and Assertive. Examples of communal objects ( = .83) included Caring, Helpful,
and Loyal. Members responded on a 7-point scale, 1 = in no way or almost in no way true to 7 =
always or almost always true. See Appendix B.
Manipulation of narrative focus. Adapting procedures from McAdams (1985),
members had been randomized to write down down just a few optimistic, personally necessary achievement event
or a optimistic, personally necessary relationship event from their lives. They’d been requested to focus
on one specific event and level out when the event occurred, what occurred, who was involved,
and why it was very important. Members randomly assigned to the achievement life narrative
focus scenario (see Appendix I) had been instructed to write down down just a few optimistic, personally necessary
event of their lives the place they achieved or accomplished one factor of price. Instructions had been
identical to the speedy from Study 1, nevertheless together with asking members for a optimistic,
personally necessary event, they’d been impressed to focus the narrative on an achievement from
their earlier. Conversely, members randomly assigned to the connection life narrative focus
scenario (see Appendix J), had been instructed to write down down just a few optimistic, personally necessary event
of their lives that involved an in depth relationship. To avoid having members write about
achievement-related event that occurred to include shut relationships, they’d been prompted to
take into accounts an event that focused spherical prime quality time with shut others and to debate why this
relationship event was a peak experience of their life. These shut relationships would possibly embody
buddies, family, or romantic companions. The entire instructions for the Achievement Life Story
speedy will probably be current in Appendix H and the whole instructions for the Relationship Life
Story speedy will probably be current in Appendix I. Furthermore, members in every conditions rated
their very personal essays on a 5-point scale, 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree, for five themes
37
of agentic and communal focus (e.g., “Please cost the diploma to which the story you wrote
earlier shows the following themes: unbiased achievement, self-reliance, group
achievement, take care of others, shut relationships”). A “Narrative Firm” scale was
constructed by summing participant scores on the “unbiased achievement” and “selfreliance” objects, = .85. A “Narrative Communion” scale was constructed by summing
participant scores on the “take care of others” and “shut relationships” objects, = .86. The “Group
Achievement” focus merchandise was analyzed independently. The life narrative prompts and follow-up
questions will probably be current in Appendices I and J, respectively.
Nostalgia. Much like Study 1 and identical to Cheung et al. (2013), all members had been
requested to level how nostalgic they felt after reflecting on their earlier life event on a 6-point
scale, 1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree. The measure of nostalgia consists of 13 objects
that assesses the diploma to which an individual is experiencing nostalgia. A reliability analysis
indicated that this was a reliable measure, = .91. The Nostalgia Questionnaire will probably be current in
Appendix D.
Self-Esteem. Much like Study 1 and identical to Cheung et al. (2013), a measure of state
shallowness was used to take a look at participant ranges of self-importance after reflecting on their
memory. Members rated their shallowness on a 5-point scale, 1 = strongly disagree to 5 =
strongly agree and the measure consists of four objects, = .86. The Self-Esteem Questions can
be current in Appendix E.
Optimism. Much like Study 1 and identical to Cheung et al. (2013), all members had been
requested to level their diploma of optimism on a 6-point scale, 1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly
agree. The measure consists of seven objects, =.90. The Optimism Questionnaire will probably be found
in Appendix F.
38
Optimistic and antagonistic impact. Much like Study 1, all members achieved the 20-item
Optimistic and Damaging Affective Schedule (PANAS) on a 5-point scale, with 10 objects assessing
optimistic impact and 10 objects assessing antagonistic impact (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988). The
optimistic impact scale had good reliability, =.90, as did the antagonistic impact scale, =.87. The
PANAS measure will probably be current in Appendix G.
Demographics. Basic demographic information was collected from each participant,
akin to age, gender, ethnicity, first language found, and language spoken at home. See
Appendix H.
Course of
Members achieved measures for the first part of the two-part analysis on-line using
Qualtrics software program program (Qualtrics, Provo, UT). After first ending an educated consent doc,
members achieved demographic information (see Appendix H), along with one measure
assessing agentic and communal traits (see Appendix B). Members had been then requested to return
to the laboratory at a separate time for the second part of the analysis. The day sooner than the
laboratory session, members had been randomized to each the achievement or relationship
scenario and had been notified by electronic message that they is likely to be writing a story just a few earlier event
that focused on an achievement or a earlier event that focused on a relationship. Providing this
information earlier to the laboratory session gave members the possibility to copy on their
earlier life experiences sooner than the session began such that they might select a associated and
important event. On the laboratory session, members achieved all measures on Qualtrics.
Members randomly assigned to the achievement life narrative focus scenario had been instructed
to write down down one to 2 paragraphs detailing a optimistic, personally necessary event from their life
involving an achievement. Members randomly assigned to the connection life narrative focus
39
scenario had been instructed to write down down a minimal of two paragraphs detailing a optimistic, personally
necessary event from their life that revolved spherical an in depth relationship. Members had been
given 30 minutes to write down down their story. Lastly, following the narrative speedy and follow-up
questions assessing narrative focus (see Appendices I and J), members achieved in order
measures assessing nostalgia, shallowness, optimism, and impact (see Appendices D, E, F, and G).
After the last word measures had been full, the members had been thanked for his or her time and
debriefed. The standard number of days in between the completion of half 1 and half 2 of the
analysis was 27.2.
Outcomes
Essential Analyses
The aim of the present analysis was to analysis whether or not or not assigning members to write down down
about each an achievement- or relationship-focused earlier life event would trigger them to
experience nostalgia if the principle goal of that event (e.g., achievement or relationship focus) was
congruent (versus incongruent) with their traits (e.g., agentic or communal). It was
anticipated that agentic traits would predict nostalgia inside the achievement-focus narrative scenario,
whereas communal traits would predict nostalgia for members who had been randomized to the
relationship scenario.
Identical to Study 1, narrative focus was coded on a 5-point scale, the place relationshipfocused narratives had been coded a 1, achievement-focused narratives had been coded a 5, and a highlight
on neither was coded a 3. An interrater reliability analysis indicated the following diploma of settlement
than in Study 1, kappa = .77. Furthermore, a Spearman’s rho revealed a statistically necessary
relationship between coders, rs(128) = .95, p < .01. Resulting from this reality, after a manipulation check, a
moderated regression analysis was carried out to test trait-narrative congruence, notably
40
whether or not or not the interaction of traits and narrative focus scenario predicted nostalgia, controlling for
gender. Impact was not included as a administration variable on this analysis as a result of the PANAS was
included after the life narrative speedy and the measure of nostalgia in the middle of the analysis session.
Furthermore, a mediational analysis (Preacher & Hayes, 2004) was carried out to repeat Study
1, inspecting shallowness and optimistic impact as mediators of nostalgia and optimism. Information had been
analyzed using the statistical software program program SPSS.
Manipulation Study
Participant scores and experimenter-coded scores of narrative focus (i.e., Narrative
Firm, Narrative Communion, and Narrative Focus) had been used as a manipulation check. A
one-way ANOVA confirmed that there was a foremost influence of scenario on participant narrative focus
scores of achievements (Narrative Firm) F(1, 121) = 47.39, p < .Zero01 and relationships
(Narrative Communion) F(1, 121) = 42.28, p < .Zero01 (see Desk 5). Members rated their
narratives elevated on achievements inside the achievement scenario (M = eight.12, SD = 1.80) than in
the connection scenario (M = 5.69, SD = 2.12). Conversely, members rated their narratives
elevated on relationships inside the relationship scenario (M = 9.07, SD = 1.31) than inside the
achievement scenario (M = 6.81, SD = 2.33). Furthermore, there was a significant foremost influence
of scenario on the coded focus of narratives (Narrative Focus) F(1, 126) = 270.93, p < .Zero01 with
narratives inside the achievement scenario coded as primarily focused on achievements (M = 4.41,
SD = 1.04) and narratives inside the relationship scenario coded as primarily focused on
relationships (M = 1.53, SD = .93). See Desk eight.
41
Desk eight.
Manipulation checks as a function of Essay Focus in Study 2 (N = 123)
Achievement Focus (n = 65) Relationship Focus (n = 58)
2 Outcomes of ANOVA
M SD M SD F (1,122) p > F
Narrative Firm eight.12 1.80 5.69 2.12 Zero.281 47.39 < .0001
Narrative Communion 6.81 2.33 9.07 1.31 Zero.349 42.28 < .0001
Group Achievement 2.91 1.33 three.57 1.22 Zero.Zero63 eight.2 < .01
Narrative Focus 4.41 1.04 1.53 Zero.93 Zero.682 270.93 <.0001
42
Descriptive Information
Descriptive statistics for all unbiased and dependent variables are provided in Desk 9.
A one-way ANOVA was carried out to take a look at variations in nostalgia, shallowness, optimism,
and optimistic impact between the two narrative focus conditions. There have been no necessary
variations in scores of nostalgia between the two conditions. Nonetheless, participant scores of
shallowness (M = three.83, SD = .61), F(1, 126) = three.82, p = .05, optimism (M = 4.88, SD = .66), F(1,
126) = 12.58, p = .Zero01, and optimistic impact (M = 42.22, SD = eight.61), F(1, 125) = 5.66, p = .02
had been significantly elevated inside the achievement scenario than scores of self-importance (M = three.60, SD
= .74), optimism (M = 4.39, SD = .88), and optimistic impact (M = 38.05, SD = 11.02) inside the
relationship scenario. Correlations for all variables will probably be current in Desk 10.
Desk 9.
Descriptives for Study 2 Predictor and Finish consequence Variables
Fluctuate
Measure n M SD α Potential Exact
Firm 128 5.31 Zero.80 .75 1-7 2.88-7.00
Communion 128 6.02 Zero.70 .83 1-7 three.00-7.00
Narrative Focus 128 2.996 1.75 – 1-5 1.00-5.00
Narrative Firm 123 6.97 2.30 .85 2-10 2.00-10.00
Narrative Communion 123 7.88 2.22 .86 2-10 2.00-10.00
Group Achievement 123 three.22 1.31 – 1-5 1.00-5.00
Nostalgia 128 4.61 Zero.94 .91 1-6 1.38-6.00
Self-Esteem 128 three.72 Zero.69 .86 1-5 1.00-5.00
Optimism 128 4.64 Zero.81 .90 1-6 2.00-5.86
Optimistic Impact 127 40.15 10.06 .90 10-60 13.00-60.00
43
Desk 10.
Correlations between Study 2 Predictor, Moderator, Mediator, and Finish consequence Variables
Variables 1. 2. three. 4. 5. 6. 7. eight. 9. 10.
1. Firm 1.00
2. Communion .39** 1.00
three. Gender .07 -.03 1.00
4. Narrative Focus .10 .02 -.05 1.00
5. Narrative Firm .09 .06 -.11 .63** 1.00
6. Narrative Communion -.25** .01 .10 -.59** -.56** 1.00
7. Group Achievement -.04 .01 .10 -.26** -.34** .54** 1.00
eight. Nostalgia .06 .20* -.07 -.01 -.03 .22* .29** 1.00
9. Self-Esteem .17 .17 .06 .18* .13 .00 .03 .50** 1.00
10. Optimism .27** .28** -.15 .30** .25** -.09 .07 .40** .59** 1.00
11. Optimistic Impact .27** .28** -.03 .22** .17 .04 .24 .37** .55** .67**
Discover. For Gender, females coded Zero, males coded 1; *p < .05; **p < .01
44
Trait-Narrative Congruence
A moderated regression analysis was carried out to test the prediction that individuals
who rated themselves extreme on agentic traits would cost their earlier life event as further nostalgic
after they’d been randomly assigned to the achievement focus scenario than after they’d been
assigned to the connection focus scenario. Values for firm, scenario, and gender had been
centered and entered on Step 1, with the interaction time interval of firm and scenario entered on
Step 2. The prediction was not supported; agentic trait-narrative congruence did not predict
nostalgia, b = -.10, t(123) = -.77, p = .44. There have been no necessary foremost outcomes, all p’s > .05.
These outcomes will probably be current in Desk 11.
Desk 11.
Study 2 Interaction: Firm X Narrative State of affairs Predicting Nostalgia (N = 127)
Predictor b se df t p
Step 1
Firm Zero.07 Zero.08 124 Zero.76 Zero.45
Narrative State of affairs -Zero.02 Zero.17 124 -Zero.21 Zero.83
Gender -Zero.08 Zero.18 124 -Zero.90 Zero.37
Step 2
Firm Zero.15 Zero.12 123 1.08 Zero.28
Narrative State of affairs -Zero.03 Zero.17 123 -Zero.32 Zero.75
Gender -Zero.09 Zero.18 123 -Zero.99 Zero.33
Firm*Narrative State of affairs -Zero.10 Zero.16 123 -Zero.77 Zero.44
Discover. For Narrative State of affairs, relationship focus coded Zero, achievement focus coded 1
A moderated regression analysis was carried out to test the prediction that individuals
who rated themselves extreme on communal traits would cost their earlier life event as further
nostalgic after they’d been randomly assigned to the connection focus scenario than after they
had been assigned to the achievement focus scenario. Values for communion, scenario, and
gender had been centered and entered on Step 1, with the interaction time interval of communion and
scenario entered on Step 2. The interaction was marginally necessary, b = -.20, t(123) = -1.81,
45
p = .07; extreme communal traits (versus low communal traits) predicted higher nostalgia in
the connection focus scenario. Communal traits had been moreover a significant predictor of nostalgia,
b = .32, t(123) = 2.90, p < .01. For instance the interaction, it was plotted at one customary
deviation above and beneath the suggest of every variables (See Decide three).
A straightforward slopes analysis indicated that there was a significant influence of communal traits
on nostalgia inside the relationship scenario, b = .43, t(123) = 2.90, p < .01, nevertheless no necessary influence
inside the achievement scenario, b = .Zero02, t(123) = -.01, p = .99. Individuals who rated themselves
elevated on communal traits rated higher feelings of nostalgia inside the relationship scenario than
individuals who rated themselves lower on communal traits (see Desk 12).
Mediation Analysis
Following the procedures helpful by Preacher and Hayes (2004), a mediational
analysis was carried out to repeat Cheung et al. (2013) to find shallowness and optimistic
impact as potential mediators of the connection between nostalgia and optimism. As anticipated,
nostalgia led to shallowness (b = .36, SE = .06), t(125) = 6.44, p < .Zero01. Nostalgia moreover led to
optimistic impact (b = three.96, SE = .88), t(125) = 4.48, p < .Zero01. A bootstrapping analysis (Hayes,
2012; Model 4; 10,00Zero resamples) was carried out with shallowness and optimistic impact included
as parallel mediators. With every shallowness and optimistic impact inside the model, the direct influence of
nostalgia on optimism was not necessary, Mdirecteffect = .06, SE = .06, t(125) = 1.Zero19, p = .31.
The indirect influence of nostalgia on optimism by the use of shallowness was necessary, Mindirecteffect= .12, SE
= .04, 95% CI = [.06, .23]. The indirect influence of nostalgia on optimism by the use of optimistic impact was
moreover necessary, Mindirecteffect = .15, SE = .04, 95% CI = [.07, .25]. Thus, every shallowness and
optimistic impact mediated the connection between nostalgia and optimism. See Decide 4 and
Desk 13 for these outcomes.
46
Decide three. Interaction of communal traits and narrative focus scenario on nostalgia. Values plotted at +/- 1 SD of the suggest of each
variable.
Desk 12.
Study 2 Interaction: Communion X Narrative State of affairs Predicting Nostalgia (N = 127)
Predictor b se df t ∆R
2
p
Step 1 Zero.04
Communion Zero.20 Zero.10 124 2.25 Zero.03
Narrative State of affairs -Zero.02 Zero.16 124 -Zero.27 Zero.78
Gender -Zero.07 Zero.18 124 -Zero.81 Zero.42
Step 2 Zero.02
Communion Zero.32 Zero.12 123 2.90 Zero.00
Narrative State of affairs -Zero.Zero04 Zero.16 123 -Zero.05 Zero.96
Gender -Zero.08 Zero.17 123 -Zero.95 Zero.35
Communion*Narrative State of affairs -Zero.20 Zero.20 123 -1.81 Zero.07
three
three.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Extreme Communal
Traits
Low Communal
Traits
Nostalgia
Achievement
State of affairs
Relationship
State of affairs
47
Decide 4. Relationships between nostalgia, shallowness, optimistic impact, and optimism.
Desk 13.
Assessments of Direct and Indirect Outcomes inside the Mediational Model of Study 2 (N = 127)
Impression Decide 1 path Coeff. SE 95% CI
Direct outcomes
Nostalgia  Self-importance a .365** .zero57 [.253, .478]
Nostalgia  Optimistic impact b three.962** .885 [2.211, 5.714]
Nostalgia  Optimism c .Zero64 .Zero62 [-.060, .187]
Self-importance  Optimism d .340** .Zero95 [.152, .527]
Optimistic impact  Optimism e .Zero39** .Zero06 [.027, .051]
Indirect influence: Nostalgia  Optimism
Full .341** .Zero70 [.201, .480]
by the use of Self-importance a x d .124** .Zero43 [.056, .229]
by the use of Optimistic impact a x e .153** .Zero43 [.077, .249]
Discover. Coeff. = unstandardized path coefficient; 95% CI = 95% bootstrap confidence interval; **p < .Zero01
Nostalgia
Self-importance
Optimistic
impact
Optimism
a
d
b
e
c
48
Dialogue
The first objective of Study 2 was to find out a hyperlink between trait-narrative congruence and
feelings of nostalgia. Notably, it was predicted that individuals who rated themselves extreme
on agentic traits would cost their earlier life event as further nostalgic after they’d been randomly
assigned to the achievement focus scenario than after they’d been assigned to the connection
focus scenario. Furthermore, it was predicted that individuals who rated themselves extreme on
communal traits would cost their earlier life event as further nostalgic after they’d been randomly
assigned to the connection focus scenario than after they’d been assigned to the achievement
focus scenario. Participant scores of narrative focus (e.g., unbiased achievement, selfreliance, group achievement, take care of others, and shut relationships) suggested that narrative
focus was effectively manipulated on this analysis. Outcomes indicated that firm trait-focus
congruence did not predict nostalgia; nonetheless, the communal trait-narrative focus congruence
hypothesis predicted nostalgia. Notably, individuals who had been requested to write down down a relationshipfocused narrative and who rated themselves extreme on communal traits expert elevated ranges
of nostalgia than individuals who rated themselves low on communal traits.
Replicating the outcomes from Study 1, diploma of communal traits predicted nostalgia.
Furthermore, regardless that there was no relationship between objectively coded narratives and
nostalgia, the diploma to which members rated their very personal narratives as being focused on
relationships predicted nostalgia. Furthermore, the diploma to which narratives focused on a
group achievement predicted nostalgia. Nostalgia was not predicted by the diploma to which
members wrote about an individual achievement. These outcomes current help for earlier
evaluation suggesting that socially oriented reminiscences often are inclined to elicit nostalgia than
reminiscences that focus on the unbiased self (Sedikides et al., 2015). Furthermore, fixed
49
with Study 1, this analysis offers sturdy proof for a relationship between communal traits and
nostalgia. Future evaluation would possibly research a doable relationship between communal traits and
dispositional nostalgia.
Replicating Study 1 and Cheung et al. (2013), shallowness and optimistic impact had been every
found to mediate the connection between nostalgia and optimism. Bigger feelings of nostalgia
predicted shallowness and optimistic impact, which led to raised feelings of optimism in regards to the
future. Identical to Study 1, correlational analyses revealed necessary relationships between
participant scores of achievement-focused narratives (i.e., self-reliance focus) and shallowness,
optimism, and optimistic impact. There have been no necessary relationships, nonetheless, between
participant scores of relationship-focused narratives and shallowness, optimism, and optimistic
impact. These outcomes add to the findings of Study 1 suggesting that writing just a few earlier
unbiased achievement offers a raise to the self exterior of nostalgia. Conversely, writing
just a few relationship, is further extra more likely to result in feelings of nostalgia, which in flip leads to higher
shallowness, optimistic impact, and optimism.
50
CHAPTER 5
GENERAL DISCUSSION
The primary objective of this evaluation was to analysis the have an effect on of trait-narrative focus
congruence on nostalgia. Every analysis had been designed to test whether or not or not reflecting on and writing
just a few memory that is consistent with an individual’s traits may end up in higher feelings of nostalgia
for that particular person event. Earlier evaluation on the self in relation to the tales of 1’s life
signifies that traits contribute to the occasion of life narratives and life narratives kind and
help hold character (McLean, Pasupathi, & Associates, 2007). Furthermore, optimistic
psychological emotions, akin to happiness, have been reported when life tales are congruent
with character attributes (McGregor, McAdams, & Little, 2005). Although earlier evaluation
has examined the outcomes of trait-narrative congruence on well-being, these analysis had been the first
to analysis whether or not or not or not congruence of traits and life narratives led to raised feelings of
nostalgia.
The outcomes of Analysis 1 and a pair of suggest that congruence between agentic and communal
traits and life narratives is not going to be a reliable predictor of nostalgia. This was very true with
unbiased achievement-oriented life narratives in every analysis. Normally, members had been
further extra more likely to report nostalgic feelings within the occasion that they deemed their earlier life event as relationshipfocused irrespective of their self-reported trait scores. This was the case whether or not or not members
naturally wrote just a few earlier life event that focused on a relationship (Study 1) or had been requested
to write down down just a few relationship-focused life event (Study 2). Nonetheless, there have been inconsistent
patterns all through the two analysis. In Study 1, narratives rated as relationship-focused had been deemed
extraordinarily nostalgic for individuals who had been every extreme and low on communal traits. Conversely, in
51
Study 2, individuals who had been communally-oriented and who had been requested to write down down just a few shut
relationship expert higher feelings of nostalgia than individuals who indicated that they
have fewer communal traits. One in all many foremost variations between the two analysis was the
methodology. In Study 1, members had been ready to write down about any optimistic event, whereas in
Study 2 they’d been requested to write down down notably just a few relationship or an achievement from their
lives. It is potential that in Study 1 members had a greater mix of accomplishment and relationship
themes inside their essays than in Study 2. A further fine-grained analysis (e.g., LIWC) would
possibly clarify the principle goal of these narratives. Whole, the outcomes of every analysis current further
proof for the social nature of nostalgia. As an illustration, outcomes of every analysis demonstrated
that achievement-focused life events can elicit feelings of nostalgia as long as they’re positioned in
a social context (e.g., crediting teamwork because the rationale for profitable a championship sport). This
helps earlier evaluation suggesting that in a nostalgic memory, the self is the central
character, nevertheless is usually surrounded by shut others (Wildschut et al., 2006).
Although the present analysis examined congruence of traits and optimistic reminiscences, newest
evaluation has suggested that the majority internal triggers of nostalgia are antagonistic. As an illustration, selfdiscontinuity was found to elicit nostalgia (Sedikides, Wildschut, Routledge, & Arndt, 2015).
Notably, when folks mirrored on antagonistic, necessary modifications that had currently
occurred of their lives, they reported feeling nostalgic for the earlier. Furthermore, antagonistic impact
(Barrett et al., 2010), social exclusion (Seehusen et al., 2013), and loneliness (Wildschut et al.,
2010) have all been confirmed to set off nostalgia (Sedikides et al., 2015). Thus, regardless that
nostalgia has been confirmed to promote self-continuity (i.e., feeling linked with one’s earlier self;
Sedikides et al., 2015), nostalgia would not appear to always be reliably elicited by it. Nonetheless,
consistent with earlier evaluation suggesting that merely reminiscing about shut relationships can
52
moreover lead to nostalgia (Sedikides et al., 2015), Study 1 found that relationship-focused narratives
whole predicted higher nostalgia. Study 2 found that this influence was elevated for individuals who
rated themselves extreme (versus low) on communal traits. Which means that for folks
who do not considerably price or place extreme significance on shut relationships, nostalgia is likely to be
an emotion they are much much less extra more likely to repeatedly experience or use to buffer a menace to the selfconcept. As an illustration, earlier evaluation has confirmed that individuals who’re extreme on trait
nostalgia (i.e., further vulnerable to nostalgic feelings), are further most likely to utilize nostalgia to buffer in the direction of
an existential menace (e.g., being reminded of demise; Juhl, Routledge, Arndt, Sedikides, &
Wildschut, 2010). Related to the present outcomes, this suggests that individuals who contemplate the
self by the use of shut relationships might get an added enhance when reminiscing about an event
that focused on shut others which protects the self from the antagonistic outcomes of self-threats.
Future evaluation must further look at how specific particular person variations have an effect on nostalgia,
considerably whether or not or not extraordinarily communal folks experience nostalgia further regularly than these
who’re a lot much less communal. Moreover, future evaluation would possibly research what strategies a lot much less
communally-oriented folks use to buffer in the direction of threats to the self.
Analysis 1 and a pair of replicated Cheung et al. (2013) and confirmed by a mediational
analysis that every shallowness and optimistic impact mediated the connection between nostalgia and
optimism. Members who rated extreme feelings of nostalgia confirmed elevated shallowness and
optimistic impact, which prompted higher feelings of optimism in regards to the future. These findings
current further help for earlier evaluation indicating that nostalgia offers a raise to selfesteem, optimistic impact, and optimism by reflecting once more on a extremely excellent earlier and a extremely excellent self
(Kaplan, 1987; Sedikides et al., 2015).
53
Additional correlational analyses in Analysis 1 and a pair of revealed patterns worthy of level out.
There have been necessary relationships amongst participant scores of achievement-focused narratives
(i.e., self-reliance focus) and shallowness, optimism, and optimistic impact. There have been no
necessary relationships, nonetheless, amongst participant scores of relationship-focused narratives
and shallowness, optimism, and optimistic impact. These outcomes suggest that writing just a few
earlier unbiased achievement offers a raise to the self exterior of nostalgia. Conversely,
writing just a few relationship, is further extra more likely to result in feelings of nostalgia, which in flip leads
to raised shallowness, optimistic impact, and optimism. Future evaluation would possibly look at the
likelihood that there are two utterly completely different pathways that lead from memory reminiscence to
will enhance in self-positivity, akin to optimism.
Limitations
There have been various limitations in every analysis that have to be addressed. First, although
most predictions on this analysis weren’t supported, there was a barely necessary discovering in
Study 2 of communal trait-narrative congruence influencing feelings of nostalgia. This was not
current in Study 1 and would because of this reality must be replicated to have the power to interpret whether or not or not or not
this was a big discovering. One potential trigger associated outcomes weren’t current in Study 1
is likely to be due to the reality that the optimistic life narrative speedy was unable to generate clear
patterns of narrative focus. It is potential that members had been creating narratives with further
achievement themes which is why there weren’t associated outcomes. Furthermore, participant impact
was not measured earlier to the completion of the life narrative speedy and the nostalgia measure
in every Study 1 and Study 2. Along with this measure sooner than the narrative speedy would have
provided a chance to utilize it as a administration variable together with gender inside the final analyses.
Optimistic impact would not be anticipated to elicit nostalgia, nonetheless, primarily based totally on earlier evaluation
54
suggesting that antagonistic internal parts have an effect on nostalgia (Sedikides et al., 2015), antagonistic
impact will be an anticipated predictor of nostalgia.
Although members had been emailed ultimately ahead of their scheduled laboratory session
with their assigned narrative focus (e.g., optimistic, achievement, relationship) in every Study 1 and
Study 2, it is nonetheless potential that some members felt rushed making an attempt to present you a specific life
event from their earlier. This might need led to lower feelings of nostalgia if the event was rushed
and by no means personally important for the particular person. Perceived centrality of the event may have
been diminished if ease of retrieval was robust. Furthermore, the findings from every Study 1 and
Study 2 are restricted to specific life events. Members had been instructed they might not report on a
regular time interval from their lives, which limits the scope of these findings. Offered that
nostalgia will probably be elicited when smitten by childhood years and important intervals in a single’s life
(Sedikides et al., 2015), it is potential that individuals would possibly cost big time intervals from their
lives and specific life events differently by the use of nostalgia. Notably, it is potential that
nostalgia will be rated even elevated for greater intervals of time versus specific events
from one’s life. Future evaluation would possibly look at whether or not or not the experience of nostalgia differs
all through different types of reminiscences.
Lastly, although the findings demonstrated clear relationships between communion and
nostalgia, and congruency appeared associated to communal traits (pretty than agentic traits), the
group achievement focus variable is a doable confound as these narratives had been achievementfocused and had been nonetheless confirmed to be related to nostalgia. Firm and communion had been chosen
for these analysis on account of they’re broad and fundamental elements of self-perception. Nonetheless,
it is potential that further specific traits (e.g., the Enormous 5) would reveal stronger outcomes of
55
congruency. Future evaluation would possibly research further specific traits in relation to life narratives and
nostalgia.
Conclusion
Congruence between the two fundamental traits of firm and communion and life
narratives was investigated as a doable predictor of nostalgia in two analysis. Normally,
members in every analysis tended to cost earlier life events that had been focused on relationships
(pretty than personal achievements) as extraordinarily nostalgic irrespective of trait scores. Furthermore,
members tended to cost earlier life events that had been focused on group achievements as
extraordinarily nostalgic. These outcomes suggest that reminiscing about fond reminiscences that include shut
others may end up in feelings of nostalgia. Conversely, reminiscences that include personal
achievements do not appear to lead to good feelings of nostalgia till these reminiscences moreover
embody shut relationships. Apparently, Study 2 found that individuals who rated themselves
extreme on communal traits (e.g., caring, helpful, loyal) expert significantly higher nostalgia
than individuals who rated themselves low on these traits. These outcomes highlight the largely
social aspect of nostalgia. Although most members expert nostalgia for events that
involved shut others, this gave the impression to be magnified for individuals who outlined the self in phrases
of shut relationships and diminished for individuals who did not. As nostalgia was confirmed in every
analysis to lead to higher shallowness, optimistic impact, and optimism, a continued examination of
the have an effect on of specific particular person variations on this express emotion will be useful.
56
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64
APPENDIX A
IRB APPROVAL
65
APPENDIX B
AGENCY AND COMMUNION ITEMS
For each merchandise reply the question, “How does the time interval best swimsuit you?” in response to the following
scale:
1 = Certainly not or Almost Certainly not True 2 = Typically Not True three = Sometimes nevertheless Sometimes True 4 =
Typically True 5 = Normally True 6 = Typically True 7 = On a regular basis or Almost On a regular basis True
Ready
Vigorous
Assertive
Ingenious
Unbiased
Intelligent
Rational
Self-reliant
Caring
Helpful
Loyal
Effectively mannered
Delicate
Sympathetic
Dependable
Understanding
66
APPENDIX C
THE LIFE STORY INTERVIEW
Life Story Study
Instructions. The goal of this practice is to sample a key event in your life. We is likely to be
asking you to assemble your particular person autobiography – the story of your life as you understand it,
earlier, present, and anticipated future. We is likely to be asking you to focus on one express “episode”
or “scene” in your life story and to elucidate it in some ingredient.
Of us’s lives vary tremendously, and folk make sense of their lives in an unbelievable choice
of the best way. We have to “be taught” your life story event as if it had been a e book, seeing what types of
characters, scenes, and themes you identify.
This life-story practice is organized throughout the idea of essential events or episodes. An event or
episode is a specific going down that occurs in a selected time and place. It is most helpful to
contemplate such an event as constituting a specific second in your life that stands out for some
trigger. Examples could also be a shock get together that your buddies threw for you in your 18th
birthday, or a selected dialog alongside together with your buddy in November of ultimate 12 months.
Your ultimate summer season journey, in distinction, is not going to be an event on account of it occurred over an extended
time interval, regardless that it may very well be essential to you. Thus, your journey will be further
like a group of events than an event per se. We want you to deal with a single event, pretty
than on a group of events or an extended time interval.
On the following net web page, for the event we ask you to elucidate, we would like you to write down down a top level view
that is a minimal of various paragraphs in dimension.
67
APPENDIX C CONTINUED
THE LIFE STORY INTERVIEW
POSITIVE, PERSONALLY SIGNIFICANT EXPERIENCE
Many people report occasional optimistic and personally necessary experiences. These are
often moments or episodes in a person’s life that are optimistic, personally important, and
characterize who they’re. Definitely, these experiences vary extensively. Some people report them to be
associated to spiritual or mystical experience. Others uncover good pleasure or pleasure in vigorous
athletics, learning an excellent novel, ingenious expression, or in love or friendship. This experience may
be seen as a as a extreme degree in your life story – a selected experience that stands out in your
memory as optimistic and guide of you. Please describe beneath in some ingredient a optimistic,
personally necessary event that you’ve got expert sometime in your life. Assure that this
is a selected and specific incident (e.g., occurred at a selected time and in a selected place)
pretty than a traditional “time” or “interval” in your life. Take into accounts the event fastidiously after which
embody the whole following in your written description of the event:
1. When did the event occur? How earlier had been you?
2. What exactly occurred inside the event?
three. Who was involved inside the event?
4. What had been you pondering, feeling, and wanting inside the event?
5. Why do you assume that it is a essential event in your life story?
What does this event say about who you is likely to be, who you had been, who you
could also be, and the best way you might need developed over time?
Life Narrative Adjust to-Up Questions
Please cost the diploma to which the story you wrote earlier shows the following themes:
1 = strongly disagree 2 = disagree three = neutral 4 = agree 5 = strongly agree.
Unbiased Achievement
Self-reliance
Group Achievement
Take care of others
Relationships
68
APPENDIX D
NOSTALGIA QUESTIONNAIRE
Please level out how strongly you agree or disagree with the following statements:
1 = strongly disagree 2 = disagree three = significantly disagree 4 = significantly agree 5 = agree 6 =
strongly agree.
1) Correct now, I am feeling pretty nostalgic
2) Correct now, I am having nostalgic feelings
three) I actually really feel nostalgic for the time being
4) I actually really feel every longing for the earlier and happiness after smitten by this event
5) Correct now, I do not actually really feel nostalgic R
6) I am feeling sentimental for the earlier
7) I cherish this memory from my earlier
eight) I’ve or need I had a memento (e.g., ) from this event
9) I do not want or desire a memento (e.g., ) from this event R?
10) I take out or would take out (if I had one) any keepsakes (e.g., ) from this event often
11) I look once more on this event with good fondness
12) I need I’d re-experience this express event
13) I would not have to re-live this event R
69
APPENDIX E
SELF-ESTEEM QUESTIONS
1 = strongly disagree 2 = disagree three = neutral 4 = agree 5 = strongly agree.
1. After smitten by this event, I be happy with myself
2. After smitten by this event, I like myself larger
three. After smitten by this event, I like myself further
4. After smitten by this event, I’ve many optimistic qualities
70
APPENDIX F
OPTIMISM QUESTIONNAIRE
Please level out how strongly you agree or disagree with the following statements:
1 = strongly disagree 2 = disagree three = significantly disagree 4 = significantly agree 5 = agree 6 =
strongly agree.
1) This event makes me actually really feel in a position to sort out new challenges
2) This event makes me actually really feel optimistic about my future
three) This event makes me actually really feel identical to the sky is the prohibit
4) This event presents me a way of hope about my future
5) This event makes me actually really feel optimistic about my future achievements
6) This event makes me actually really feel optimistic about my future relationships
71
APPENDIX G
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AFFECT SCHEDULE (PANAS)
This scale consists of quite a lot of phrases that describe utterly completely different feelings and emotions. Study each
merchandise after which mark the acceptable reply inside the home subsequent to that phrase. Level out to what extent you
have felt like this so far few hours. Use the following scale to report your options.
Very barely or in no way a little bit of fairly pretty a bit terribly
1 2 three 4 5
_____ Irritable _____
Distressed _____ Alert _____
Excited _____ Ashamed _____
Upset _____ Impressed _____
Strong _____ Nervous _____
Accountable _____ Determined _____
Scared _____ Attentive _____
Hostile _____ Jittery _____
Enthusiastic _____ Vigorous _____
Proud _____ Afraid _____
72
APPENDIX H
DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONNAIRE
Please reply the following questions in your self.
How earlier are you? ________
Gender __________
Which of the following best describes you? Study all that apply.
Native American __
African-American __
Latino Hispanic __
Non-Hispanic White (i.e. Caucasian) __
Asian/Pacific Islander __
Indian __
Completely different (please specify) __
What is the first language you found to speak? ______
What language do you talk at home? _______
Did you might need any difficulties as you achieved this analysis? ______
73
APPENDIX I
ACHIEVEMENT LIFE NARRATIVE INTERVIEW
Life Story Study
Instructions. The goal of this practice is to sample a key event in your life. We is likely to be
asking you to assemble your particular person autobiography — the story of your life as you understand it,
earlier, present, and anticipated future. We is likely to be asking you to focus on one express “episode”
or “scene” in your life story and to elucidate it in some ingredient.
Of us’s lives vary tremendously, and folk make sense of their lives in an unbelievable variety of
strategies. We have to “be taught” your life story event as if it had been a e book, seeing what types of
characters, scenes, and themes you identify.
This life-story practice is organized throughout the idea of essential events or episodes. An event or
episode is a specific going down that occurs in a selected time and place. It is most helpful to
contemplate such an event as constituting a specific second in your life which stands out for some
trigger.
Your ultimate summer season journey, as an illustration, is not going to be an event on account of it occurred over an extended
time interval, regardless that it may very well be essential to you. Thus, your journey will be further
like a group of events than an event per se. We want you to deal with a single event, pretty
than on a group of events or an extended time interval.
On the following net web page, for the event we ask you to elucidate, we would like you to write down down a
description that is a minimal of various paragraphs in dimension.
POSITIVE, PERSONALLY SIGNIFICANT EXPERIENCE
Many people report occasional optimistic and personally necessary experiences. These are
often moments or episodes in a person’s life that are optimistic, personally important, and
characterize who they’re. This experience is also seen as a as a extreme degree in your life story — a
express experience that stands out in your memory as optimistic and guide of you.
ACHIEVEMENT LIFE STORY
Please describe beneath in some ingredient a optimistic experience out of your life the place you
achieved one factor. This refers to any achievement that was obtained by you. The achievement
will probably be tangible (e.g., profitable an award) or further abstract (e.g., rising as a person, overcoming
an obstacle). Simply be certain you describe a selected and specific incident (e.g., occurred at a
express time and in a selected place) pretty than a traditional “time” or “interval” in your life.
Please report when the event occurred and what occurred. Moreover report why it is a essential
event in your life story and what this event says about who you is likely to be, who you had been, who you
could also be, and the best way you might need developed over time.
Please type your story beneath.
74
APPENDIX I CONTINUED
LIFE NARRATIVE FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONS
Please cost the diploma to which the story you wrote earlier shows the following themes:
1 = strongly disagree 2 = disagree three = neutral 4 = agree 5 = strongly agree.
Unbiased Achievement
Self-reliance
Group Achievement
Take care of others
Relationships
75
APPENDIX J
RELATIONSHIP LIFE NARRATIVE INTERVIEW
Life Story Study
Instructions. The goal of this practice is to sample a key event in your life. We is likely to be
asking you to assemble your particular person autobiography — the story of your life as you understand it,
earlier, present, and anticipated future. We is likely to be asking you to focus on one express “episode”
or “scene” in your life story and to elucidate it in some ingredient.
Of us’s lives vary tremendously, and folk make sense of their lives in an unbelievable variety of
strategies. We have to “be taught” your life story event as if it had been a e book, seeing what types of
characters, scenes, and themes you identify.
This life-story practice is organized throughout the idea of essential events or episodes. An event or
episode is a specific going down that occurs in a selected time and place. It is most helpful to
contemplate such an event as constituting a specific second in your life which stands out for some
trigger.
Your ultimate summer season journey, as an illustration, is not going to be an event on account of it occurred over an extended
time interval, regardless that it may very well be essential to you. Thus, your journey will be further
like a group of events than an event per se. We want you to deal with a single event, pretty
than on a group of events or an extended time interval.
On the following net web page, for the event we ask you to elucidate, we would like you to write down down a
description that is a minimal of various paragraphs in dimension.
POSITIVE, PERSONALLY SIGNIFICANT EXPERIENCE
Many people report occasional optimistic and personally necessary experiences. These are
often moments or episodes in a person’s life that are optimistic, personally important, and
characterize who they’re. This experience is also seen as a as a extreme degree in your life story — a
express experience that stands out in your memory as optimistic and guide of you.
RELATIONSHIP LIFE STORY
Please describe beneath in some ingredient a peak experience out of your life that revolved spherical
a relationship. This refers to any optimistic event that involved spending time with shut others.
The event itself must be focused on a specific relationship (e.g., a dialog with a family
member that stands out, time spent having a movie marathon with buddies, and so forth.). The connection
story can consider buddies, family, or a romantic affiliate. Simply be certain you describe a
express and specific incident (e.g., occurred at a selected time and in a selected place)
pretty than a traditional “time” or “interval” in your life. Please report when the event occurred and
what occurred. Moreover report why it is a essential event in your life story and what this event
says about who you is likely to be, who you had been, who it’s possible you’ll be, and the best way you might need developed over
time.
Please type your story beneath.
76
APPENDIX J CONTINUED
LIFE NARRATIVE FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONS
Please cost the diploma to which the story you wrote earlier shows the following themes:
1 = strongly disagree 2 = disagree three = neutral 4 = agree 5 = strongly agree.
Unbiased Achievement
Self-reliance
Group Achievement
Take care of others
Relationships

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