Asthma Treatment and Control

Walden University School of Nursing MSN

Asthma and Stepwise Management: Assessment Brief for NURS 6521N

Advanced Pharmacology, Module 2, Week 3 Assignment. Written paper with a patient teaching sheet, graded against a 100 point rubric.

CourseNURS 6521N
Module2, Weeks 2 and 3
TaskWeek 3 Assignment
Length3 to 4 pages
Points100
StyleAPA 7th edition
DueDay 7, 11:59 p.m. MT
  1. Step 1Intermittent symptoms, low-dose inhaled corticosteroid taken with the reliever
  2. Step 2Daily low-dose inhaled corticosteroid, as-needed reliever
  3. Step 3Low-dose ICS-LABA combination or medium-dose inhaled corticosteroid
  4. Step 4Medium-dose ICS-LABA, add-on considered before escalation
  5. Step 5High-dose ICS-LABA, phenotyping, specialist referral, biologic assessment

Controllers intensify left to right. NAEPP publishes six steps and GINA 2025 runs two tracks, so the paper must name the framework it applies rather than blending the two silently.

Assessment Context

Walden University NURS 6521N Advanced Pharmacology places the Week 3 Assignment on asthma and stepwise management inside Module 2, which spans respiratory and cardiovascular prescribing and closes the same week as the cardiovascular pharmacotherapy paper. The task asks for a prescriptive argument, not a disease review. Candidates choose a de-identified patient from their own practice, defend a controller and reliever plan for that patient, and then show how the stepwise framework moves treatment up or down as control changes. Grading rewards the moment where pathophysiology, drug class, dose, device, and monitoring meet one named patient.

Recent catalog years have rotated the deliverable between a 2- to 3-page paper and a 5- to 6-slide staff development deck. The written paper remains the version most sections receive, and the brief below follows that format with one addition: a one-page patient teaching sheet submitted as Appendix A. That addition reflects what graders already ask for in feedback, namely evidence that the plan can be explained to the person taking it.

Scope note. Assessment, diagnosis, and spirometry numbers belong in the paper. Prescribing decisions belong to the credentialed preceptor in the clinical setting. Describe the plan a candidate would recommend and defend it with guideline evidence, then state who signs the prescription.

Learning Outcomes

  • Distinguish controller therapy from reliever therapy by mechanism, onset, and role in risk reduction.
  • Apply a published stepwise framework to a named patient with stated control criteria.
  • Justify a step-up or step-down decision using symptom frequency, exacerbation history, and adherence evidence.
  • Anticipate drug effects that change a patient’s daily life, including device burden, cost, and adverse effects.
  • Translate the plan into plain language for the patient and family.

Task Requirements

Controllers and Relievers, With Consequences

Describe long-term control options and quick relief options for the asthma patient, then explain what each does to the person taking it. Inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting beta agonists, leukotriene modifiers, and biologics each carry a distinct benefit and a distinct burden, and the paper should say what that burden looks like in practice. Reliever overuse deserves its own paragraph. A patient who refills three or more short-acting beta-agonist canisters a year sits at higher risk of exacerbation and death, and the SABINA cohort study of overuse of short-acting beta-2 agonists in asthma quantifies that gradient across a national population (Nwaru et al., 2020). Written plans that ignore this signal miss the cheapest available evidence of poor control.

Device handling belongs with drug choice. Roughly 299 descriptions of critical inhaler error appear across the literature that Critical inhaler errors in asthma and COPD reviews, and those errors associate with more exacerbations and heavier resource use (Usmani et al., 2018). Naming the molecule without naming the device leaves half the prescription unwritten.

Applying the Stepwise Framework

Explain the stepwise approach in the terms of the guideline being applied. The 2020 focused update to the NAEPP guidelines revised several long-standing assumptions and now organizes therapy across six steps with preferred controller options at each, which makes it a defensible primary reference for a United States practice setting (Cloutier et al., 2020). GINA follows a different architecture and pairs low-dose inhaled corticosteroid with formoterol as the reliever rather than recommending a short-acting beta agonist alone. Describe one framework with precision, then note where the other diverges. Half-applied frameworks produce plans that cannot be followed at the bedside.

Connecting the Framework to Control

Explain how stepwise management helps clinicians and patients gain and keep control. Start with the control criteria being used: daytime symptoms, night waking, reliever use, activity limitation, and exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids. Quantify them with a validated tool such as the Asthma Control Test or the childhood ACT, and report the score rather than an impression. Escalation without documented poor control, and de-escalation without a documented stable period, both count as reasoning errors. The strongest submissions show one full cycle of assessment, decision, and reassessment at a follow-up interval they specify.

Teaching Sheet and Ethics

Appendix A holds a one-page teaching sheet written at roughly a sixth-grade reading level. Include what the controller does, why the reliever is not a substitute, how to use the device, and the specific symptoms that require urgent care. No identifiers, no protected health information, and no direct quotes from a chart. The sheet is graded on plain language and accuracy, not word count, and a sheet that lists five action points beats one that lists twenty.

Required Structure

  1. Title page in APA 7 format with title, author, university, course, instructor, and date.
  2. Introduction of 150 to 200 words that names the patient context and previews the plan.
  3. Long-term control and quick relief options, with effects on the patient, roughly 1 page.
  4. Stepwise approach applied to the named patient, roughly 1 page, with the framework stated.
  5. How stepwise management sustains control, roughly half a page, including control measures and follow-up interval.
  6. Conclusion that returns to the patient and the plan without new evidence.
  7. Appendix A: patient teaching sheet, one page.
  8. Reference list in APA 7 with three to five scholarly sources, at least two from the past five years.

Save the file as WK3Assgn followed by the candidate’s last name and first initial. Submit through the assignment link so the originality report generates before the deadline.

Marking Rubric

Point ranges match the module rubric bands. Content criteria carry 75 points, evidence and format carry 15, and mechanics carry 10.

NURS 6521N Week 3 Assignment, grading criteria
Criterion Excellent Good Fair Poor
Pharmacologic Content30 points 27 to 30
Controllers and relievers are separated by mechanism, onset, and role, and each class carries a stated consequence for the patient, including cost or device burden.		 24 to 26
Classes are accurate and mostly complete, with one consequence named for most drugs.		 21 to 23
Classes are listed with mechanism detail but consequences for the patient stay general.		 0 to 20
Drug classes are misclassified, reliever and controller roles are confused, or detail is missing.
Stepwise Application25 points 23 to 25
One framework is named and applied step by step to a specific patient, with the divergence from the alternative framework noted.		 20 to 22
Framework is applied correctly to a patient, with limited comparison to other guidance.		 18 to 19
Steps are described generically, and the patient link stays thin.		 0 to 17
Stepwise approach is absent, incoherent, or attributed to the wrong framework.
Control and Patient Impact20 points 18 to 20
Control is quantified with a validated measure, a follow-up interval is set, and the teaching sheet translates the plan into plain language.		 16 to 17
Control criteria are named and a teaching sheet is present, though plain-language revision is partial.		 14 to 15
Control is described qualitatively, and the sheet reads as clinical text.		 0 to 13
No control measure, no follow-up, or no teaching sheet.
Evidence and APA15 points 14 to 15
Three or more scholarly sources, two within five years, woven into claims, with clean APA 7 citations and references.		 12 to 13
Sources meet the minimum and citations are correct with one or two slips.		 11
Sources are present but dated or only partly relevant, and APA errors appear.		 0 to 10
Sources missing, unverifiable, or citations absent.
Clarity and Mechanics10 points 9 to 10
Prose is economical, sentences vary in length, and headings mirror the required structure.		 8
Prose is clear with minor mechanical slips.		 7
Errors interrupt reading in places.		 0 to 6
Errors obscure meaning or the paper falls short of the length requirement.

Sample Answer Writing Help

The paragraphs below show the register, citation density, and clinical specificity the rubric rewards. Replace the patient details with the candidate’s own de-identified case.

Controller and reliever paragraphControllers and relievers do different jobs, and merging them is the fastest way to lose marks on this assignment. Inhaled corticosteroids suppress the airway inflammation that drives exacerbation risk, while a short-acting beta-2 agonist relaxes bronchial smooth muscle for a few hours and leaves that inflammation untouched. Reliever frequency therefore reads as a measure of control rather than proof of treatment success, and patients who fill three or more canisters a year carry measurably higher exacerbation and mortality risk in the SABINA cohort analysis of short-acting beta-2 agonist overuse (Nwaru et al., 2020). Device handling matters as much as molecule selection, since critical inhaler errors associate with more exacerbations and heavier health system use across the 114 sources reviewed by Usmani et al. (2018). Adults and children diverge in ways that shape the plan, because school-age patients need a spacer and a written school protocol while adults face cost, polypharmacy, and occupational trigger exposure. For the 34-year-old warehouse worker in this case, a pressurized metered-dose inhaler with a valved holding chamber fits the prescription better than a dry powder device he cannot generate flow to use. Naming the drug, dose, device, and monitoring parameter together turns a class list into a prescription.

Stepwise paragraphStepwise management answers a practical question about how much controller a patient needs and when that intensity can safely fall. The 2020 focused update to the NAEPP guidelines organizes treatment across six steps with preferred controllers at each and now supports intermittent inhaled corticosteroid use in mild persistent disease alongside daily low-dose therapy (Cloutier et al., 2020). GINA takes a different route, pairing low-dose inhaled corticosteroid with formoterol as the reliever so that every rescue inhalation also delivers anti-inflammatory treatment. Each framework is internally consistent, and a paper that stitches them together without comment reads as unfamiliar with either. Assessment drives the step, so the case patient’s ACT score of 14, three nighttime awakenings per month, and one prednisone course in the past year place him at Step 3 rather than the Step 2 regimen he currently uses. Adherence and technique get checked before escalation, because a daily controller taken four days a week will fail at any step. That order of operations, verify then intensify, is what the framework actually protects.

Follow-Up Reading

Where Reliever Overuse Signals Risk

Reliever counts travel well beyond the clinic note. The SABINA programme collected prescription and outcome data across several national cohorts, and the pattern held: heavy short-acting beta-agonist use tracked with exacerbations and mortality independent of baseline severity (Nwaru et al., 2020). Pharmacy refill data therefore offer a surveillance channel that costs nothing to check. Three practical moves follow from that evidence:

  • Pull the twelve-month canister count at every asthma visit and record it beside the ACT score.
  • Ask what the patient does when the reliever fails, since doubling reliever doses is a common self-management error.
  • Differentiate reliever overuse driven by poor control from overuse driven by anxiety about breathlessness, because the two need different responses.

GINA guidance pushes the same signal in a different direction by folding the anti-inflammatory agent into the reliever itself, a design choice that reduces reliance on patient behavior for controller adherence (Global Initiative for Asthma, 2025). Neither framework treats a high refill count as neutral.

Does Budesonide-Formoterol Replace Albuterol

Students often ask whether the single-inhaler approach should be adopted wholesale in a United States practice. The honest answer is that it depends on setting, formulary, and payer, not on one trial result. GINA endorses inhaled corticosteroid-formoterol as reliever therapy across its tracks, while NAEPP keeps short-acting beta-2 agonists as the reliever in its stepwise tables and treats the combination strategy as an option for moderate to severe disease. Brusselle and Koppelman (2022) review the biologic tier above that decision and note that phenotype assessment, not persistence alone, determines who benefits. Cost and insurance coverage decide many real prescriptions regardless of guideline preference, and a paper that acknowledges that constraint reads as clinically literate. Whichever reliever strategy a candidate selects, the paper should state the rationale and the monitoring plan rather than assume a single correct answer exists.

Dose Escalation Without Benefit

Escalation has a ceiling, and above it the correct action changes from prescribing to referring. Patients who remain uncontrolled at medium to high dose inhaled corticosteroid with a long-acting beta agonist warrant phenotyping: allergy testing, blood eosinophil count, exhaled nitric oxide, and a review of adherence and technique. Brusselle and Koppelman (2022) describe the biologic options available at that tier and stress that response depends on the inflammatory phenotype rather than on severity labels. Continuing to add oral corticosteroids at that point trades long-term harm for short-term symptom relief. The stepwise framework includes a step down as well, and stable patients maintained for three months deserve a documented conversation about reducing dose. De-escalation is a clinical decision with evidence behind it, not a cost-saving shortcut, and the paper should treat it that way.

What Earns Full Marks

Marks concentrate where clinical decisions meet evidence, not where word counts accumulate. Candidates who name one framework, apply it to a named patient, quantify control with a validated measure, and then show the reassessment interval tend to land in the top band without writing a longer paper than their peers. Reliever overuse and inhaler technique are the two details that separate a competent submission from a strong one, because both convert pharmacology into observable patient behavior. The teaching sheet is worth more than its length suggests, since it demonstrates whether the candidate can explain a controller to someone who has never heard the word. Citation problems cluster in the reference list rather than the body, so check every DOI before submitting. Pick the patient first, verify the step second, and let the rubric order the argument.

References

Brusselle, G. G., & Koppelman, G. H. (2022). Biologic therapies for severe asthma. New England Journal of Medicine, 386(2), 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra2032506

Cloutier, M. M., Baptist, A. P., Blake, K. V., Brooks, E. G., Bryant-Stephens, T., DiMango, E., Dixon, A. E., Elward, K. S., Hartert, T., Krishnan, J. A., Lehrer, P., Ouellette, D. R., Pace, W. D., Skolnik, N. S., Stout, J. W., Teach, S. J., Umscheid, C. A., & Walsh, C. G. (2020). 2020 focused updates to the asthma management guidelines: A report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 146(6), 1217–1270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.003

Global Initiative for Asthma. (2025). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. https://ginasthma.org/reports/

Nwaru, B. I., EkstrΓΆm, M., Hasvold, P., Wiklund, F., Telg, G., & Janson, C. (2020). Overuse of short-acting Ξ²2-agonists in asthma is associated with increased risk of exacerbation and mortality: A nationwide cohort study of the global SABINA programme. European Respiratory Journal, 55(4), Article 1901872. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01872-2019

Reddel, H. K., Bacharier, L. B., Bateman, E. D., Brightling, C. E., Brusselle, G. G., Buhl, R., Cruz, A. A., Duijts, L., Drazen, J. M., FitzGerald, J. M., Fleming, L. J., Inoue, H., Ko, F. W., Krishnan, J. A., Levy, M. L., Lin, J., Mortimer, K., Pitrez, P. M., Sheikh, A., … Boulet, L. P. (2022). Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021: Executive summary and rationale for key changes. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 205(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202109-2205PP

Usmani, O. S., Lavorini, F., Marshall, J., Dunlop, W. C. N., Heron, L., Farrington, E., & Dekhuijzen, R. (2018). Critical inhaler errors in asthma and COPD: A systematic review of impact on health outcomes. Respiratory Research, 19, Article 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-017-0710-y

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Asthma and Stepwise Management: Pharmacologic Treatment, Clinical Control, and Patient Education

Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory condition characterized by variable airflow limitation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, and shortness of breath. Effective management requires more than treating acute symptoms. Clinicians must address underlying airway inflammation, prevent exacerbations, and adjust medication according to the patient’s response. The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) provides a stepwise framework that supports individualized treatment decisions and regular reassessment (Cloutier et al., 2020).

The illustrative case involves a 34-year-old warehouse worker with an Asthma Control Test (ACT) score of 14, three nighttime awakenings per month, and one exacerbation requiring prednisone during the previous year. The patient currently uses a Step 2 treatment regimen but reports inadequate symptom control. This paper examines controller and reliever medications, applies the 2020 NAEPP guideline to the case, and explains how clinicians can maintain asthma control through monitoring and patient education. The proposed treatment requires confirmation by the prescribing clinician after reviewing the patient’s history, lung function, medication adherence, and inhaler technique.

Long-Term Control and Quick Relief Options

Asthma medications serve different purposes, and distinguishing their roles is essential to safe treatment. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), including budesonide and fluticasone, reduce airway inflammation and lower the risk of exacerbations. They represent the foundation of long-term asthma management because they address the inflammatory process rather than temporarily relieving bronchoconstriction. Common adverse effects include oral candidiasis, hoarseness, and throat irritation. Patients can reduce these effects by rinsing their mouths after inhalation and using a spacer with compatible pressurized metered-dose inhalers.

Long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABAs), such as formoterol and salmeterol, relax bronchial smooth muscle and improve airflow. Clinicians prescribe them alongside ICS for patients whose symptoms remain uncontrolled with corticosteroid treatment alone. LABAs should not be used as monotherapy for asthma because they do not treat airway inflammation. Combination inhalers may improve adherence by reducing the number of devices patients need to manage, although their cost and availability can affect treatment choices.

Short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABAs), including albuterol, provide rapid relief of bronchoconstriction. Their short onset of action makes them useful during acute symptoms, but they do not replace anti-inflammatory treatment. Frequent use may signal worsening asthma. Nwaru et al. (2020) studied 365,324 patients in Sweden and found that collecting three to five SABA canisters annually was associated with a 26% higher risk of exacerbation and a 26% higher mortality risk compared with collecting two or fewer canisters. These observational findings do not establish causation, but they support regular monitoring of reliever use.

Leukotriene receptor antagonists, such as montelukast, offer an oral alternative or add-on treatment for selected patients. They block leukotriene-mediated inflammation and bronchoconstriction, although inhaled corticosteroids generally provide stronger asthma control. Montelukast may appeal to patients who struggle with inhaler use, but clinicians must discuss its potential neuropsychiatric adverse effects. Biologic medications, including omalizumab, mepolizumab, and benralizumab, target specific inflammatory pathways in selected patients with severe asthma. Their expense, injection requirements, and need for specialist assessment limit their routine use. Brusselle and Koppelman (2022) emphasize that biologic selection depends on asthma phenotype and the inflammatory characteristics of the individual patient.

Medication choice must also account for device handling. A patient who cannot use an inhaler correctly may receive insufficient medication despite an appropriate prescription. The clinician should observe the patient’s technique, assess inspiratory ability, consider spacer use, and review medication affordability. In this case, warehouse dust and physical activity may aggravate respiratory symptoms, so occupational exposure assessment forms part of the treatment decision.

Applying the NAEPP Stepwise Framework

The 2020 NAEPP focused update provides the primary framework for this case. It organizes asthma treatment into six steps, with treatment intensity increasing as symptom control worsens and decreasing when sustained control permits. The guideline emphasizes assessment of symptoms, exacerbation history, treatment adherence, and response to medication (Cloutier et al., 2020).

The patient’s ACT score of 14 indicates poor symptom control. Nighttime awakenings and a previous exacerbation requiring oral corticosteroids also suggest increased risk. Although the patient currently receives Step 2 therapy, the prescribing clinician should first confirm the diagnosis, assess spirometry, review adherence, and observe inhaler technique. Occupational exposures, smoking, allergic triggers, and comorbid conditions such as rhinitis should also be considered. Persistent symptoms may reflect incorrect inhaler use or ongoing exposure rather than inadequate medication intensity.

If these factors do not explain the poor control, the clinician may consider Step 3 treatment. Options under the NAEPP framework include a low-dose ICS-LABA combination or an appropriate medium-dose ICS regimen. The choice depends on clinical findings, medication access, patient preference, and the expected likelihood of adherence. A low-dose ICS-formoterol maintenance-and-reliever strategy may also be considered where appropriate under NAEPP recommendations. The prescribing clinician must select the regimen and confirm the specific product, dose, device, and directions.

GINA 2025 differs from the NAEPP framework in its preferred reliever strategy. GINA recommends an ICS-formoterol-based approach for adults and adolescents in its preferred treatment track, providing anti-inflammatory medication whenever the patient uses the reliever. NAEPP retains different preferred options in several treatment steps, including SABA-based relief in its conventional stepwise tables. The paper therefore applies NAEPP consistently rather than combining recommendations from both guidelines without explanation (Global Initiative for Asthma [GINA], 2025).

Maintaining Asthma Control Through Monitoring

Stepwise management requires regular assessment rather than a single prescribing decision. The ACT provides a validated measure of recent asthma symptoms and their effect on daily activity. Clinicians should review daytime symptoms, nighttime awakenings, reliever frequency, activity limitation, and exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids. Spirometry provides additional information about airflow limitation and treatment response. Symptom scores alone cannot fully predict future exacerbations, so clinicians should also assess risk factors such as previous severe attacks and poor adherence (GINA, 2025).

The patient should return for reassessment approximately four to six weeks after a treatment change, with earlier review if symptoms worsen. At follow-up, the clinician should repeat the ACT, evaluate inhaler technique, review medication use, and assess adverse effects. If control remains poor despite adequate adherence and correct technique, the clinician may consider further treatment adjustment or specialist referral. If good control persists for approximately three months, a gradual step-down may be appropriate to identify the lowest effective treatment intensity.

Patient education supports these decisions. The warehouse worker should receive a written asthma action plan that explains daily medication use, symptom monitoring, and actions during worsening asthma. Occupational triggers should be discussed, including dust exposure and the availability of protective measures. The patient should understand that increasing reliever use or experiencing nighttime symptoms requires clinical review. Regular follow-up helps prevent both undertreatment and unnecessary medication escalation.

Conclusion

Asthma management requires consistent attention to airway inflammation, symptom control, exacerbation risk, and medication safety. The illustrative patient’s ACT score of 14, nighttime symptoms, and previous prednisone-treated exacerbation suggest that the current regimen may not provide adequate control. Applying the NAEPP stepwise framework allows the clinician to assess adherence and inhaler technique before considering a change to Step 3 therapy. Regular reassessment, appropriate medication selection, occupational trigger management, and clear patient education remain essential to sustained control. The prescribing clinician must confirm the final treatment plan using the patient’s complete clinical assessment.

Appendix A: Patient Teaching Sheet

Managing Your Asthma

What does your controller inhaler do?

Your controller inhaler helps reduce swelling and irritation inside your airways. Take it as prescribed, even when you feel well. It helps prevent symptoms and asthma attacks.

What does your reliever inhaler do?

Your reliever inhaler helps open your airways when you have breathing symptoms. It works quickly, but it does not replace your controller medicine.

Do not stop your controller or change your medication dose without discussing it with your healthcare provider.

How can you use your inhaler correctly?

  • Check the instructions for your inhaler.
  • Shake your inhaler if the device instructions require it.
  • Use a spacer if your healthcare provider recommends one.
  • Breathe out before using the inhaler.
  • Press the inhaler and breathe in slowly when using a pressurized inhaler.
  • Hold your breath for about 10 seconds if you can.
  • Rinse your mouth after using an inhaled steroid.
  • Ask your healthcare provider to watch your technique.

How can you reduce asthma symptoms?

  • Avoid dust, smoke, and other triggers when possible.
  • Follow your asthma action plan.
  • Keep track of nighttime symptoms and reliever use.
  • Take your medication as prescribed.
  • Attend scheduled appointments.

When should you seek medical help?

Contact your healthcare provider if:

  • You need your reliever more often than usual.
  • Asthma symptoms wake you at night.
  • Your breathing becomes worse during work or exercise.
  • Your medication does not provide the usual relief.

Seek emergency care immediately if you struggle to breathe, cannot speak in full sentences, develop blue or gray lips, or experience severe breathing difficulty.

Keep your asthma action plan available at home and at work.

References

Brusselle, G. G., & Koppelman, G. H. (2022). Biologic therapies for severe asthma. New England Journal of Medicine, 386(2), 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra2032506

Cloutier, M. M., Baptist, A. P., Blake, K. V., Brooks, E. G., Bryant-Stephens, T., DiMango, E., Dixon, A. E., Elward, K. S., Hartert, T., Krishnan, J. A., Lehrer, P., Ouellette, D. R., Pace, W. D., Skolnik, N. S., Stout, J. W., Teach, S. J., Umscheid, C. A., & Walsh, C. G. (2020). 2020 focused updates to the asthma management guidelines: A report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 146(6), 1217–1270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.003

Global Initiative for Asthma. (2025). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. https://ginasthma.org/reports/

Nwaru, B. I., EkstrΓΆm, M., Hasvold, P., Wiklund, F., Telg, G., & Janson, C. (2020). Overuse of short-acting Ξ²β‚‚-agonists in asthma is associated with increased risk of exacerbation and mortality: A nationwide cohort study of the global SABINA programme. European Respiratory Journal, 55(4), Article 1901872. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01872-2019

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