Posted: March 18th, 2024

The Impact of Technology on the US Health Care Economy

The Impact of Technology on the US Health Care Economy

1. Introduction

1.1 Overview of the US Health Care Economy

1.2 Importance of Technology in Health Care

1.3 Purpose of the Dissertation

2. Technological Advancements in the US Health Care Sector

The digitization of health care began to grow rapidly from the 2000s with the introduction of electronic health records (EHRs). An EHR is a digital version of a patient’s paper chart and it can be accessed and shared by multiple healthcare providers. EHRs are designed to store and have the ability to be shared and accessed by multiple health care providers. The most valuable and life-saving aspect of EHRs is their ability to display real-time information. In emergency situations where blood type, allergies, and medical history can be the difference between life and death, EHRs could prove to be life-saving. Moreover, EHRs can also reduce health care costs for providers and patients alike. One of the biggest advantages of EHRs is the accessibility of information. Coordination of care is another significant advantage of EHRs. Providers can easily share a patient’s EHR among themselves when the patient’s care is transferred to another facility or specialist. This ultimately reduces the risk of duplicating tests, and enhances the quality of and patient access to the healthcare system. By reducing the unnecessary procedures and tests, patients are spared from physical pain and suffering. EHRs have achieved a promise of improving patient safety, but some of its full transformative potential is yet to be realized. The healthcare industry as a whole is yet to fully leverage the information contained in EHRs to unlock the powerful usability and reception of health data in decision-making. For instance, most EHRs are unstructured. This makes it tough for clinicians and researchers to use the vast amount of clinical information that is stored in EHRs for analyses. At the same time, there is a lack of a unified digital and health data strategy on a national level, thereby restricting the potential of interconnected EHRs. However, in comparison to paper records, EHRs have demonstrated a capacity in many areas of health care to provide more efficient and expanded health care. From 2009 to the start of 2018, over $38 billion from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act was allocated for the promotion of EHRs. These incentives helped to increase the use of EHRs in the United States from 20% to 85% as of 2017. Also, literature is starting to show that the widespread use of EHRs increase certain differences in health care that favor the wider population’s health and not just individual patient outcomes. In 2017, research using Medicare Health Outcomes Survey data found that respondents who used online medical services, such as remote consultations with doctors, and access to EHRs, had significant increases in quality of medical care and health outcomes, such as reduced fatigue and decreased pain symptoms. The possibilities and the bright future of EHRs are endless and exciting. However, insights from ongoing research and the necessity of finding ways to better improve and standardize health data is important in realizing the transformative potential of EHRs in the US health care system.

2.1 Electronic Health Records (EHR)

EHR systems are designed to store a patient’s medical history, diagnoses, medications, treatment plans, immunization dates, allergies, radiology images, and laboratory test results. These systems are designed to share information with other healthcare providers so as to provide a comprehensive diagnosis of a medical history. The implementation of EHR has increased in the United States of America as a result of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act. The HITECH Act was created to reduce healthcare costs and to improve healthcare quality and outcomes through the transition from paper medical records to electronic health records. Over recent years, the percentage of office-based physicians with EHRs has increased rapidly. In 2001, just 18% had adopted an EHR system. However, by 2013, with the significant investment from the US government, over 78% of office-based physicians had adopted an EHR system. EHRs have had a major impact on streamlining medical and administrative workflows. They have the potential to enhance the work that clinicians perform by providing readily accessible information. This major shift in how healthcare is administered has resulted in the need to understand the advantages and disadvantages associated with EHRs. For example, one of the greatest advantages is the increased speed in accessing and processing a patient’s medical information. EHRs have the ability to reduce delays in patient treatment through better coordination of a patient’s care. Also, the prevention of medical errors through the reduction of illegible handwriting and through the timely availability of test results and consultations has been a key benefit used to champion EHRs. All of these improvements can be used to translate into a greatly enhanced patient care experience. Such a focus on patient care improvement is integral to the rationale provided for the multi-billion dollar investment in EHR systems across the US healthcare economy.

2.2 Telemedicine and Remote Patient Monitoring

Telemedicine comprises the use of a variety of methods to deliver clinical services to patients who are not physically present – including real-time two-way communication between the patient and the doctor, and store and forward technologies. Remote patient monitoring allows healthcare providers to monitor a patient’s vital signs and other health data from a distance. This means that the patient doesn’t have to travel to a healthcare facility – it can be done from the patient’s home. These technologies have the potential to increase access to healthcare services, improve patient outcomes, and reduce healthcare costs. Not only do patients represent time and travel costs when attending an in-person consultation, but these patients also require the healthcare system to provide more resource-heavy treatment as the progression of their symptoms has required more complex treatment options. By keeping patients out of the hospital, remote patient monitoring has the real potential to save the health service money. In light of the recent COVID-19 pandemic, it can be extremely effective for the remote management of patients with long-term health conditions, according to guidance from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in the UK. As well as the financial benefits, remote patient monitoring is also likely to improve patient care. It has significant potential to inform preventative care and proactively manage patients with chronic diseases. By enabling providers to collect data about a patient’s health, and then review and respond to this data regularly, the two-way connection between the patient and the provider is enriched and fosters a more patient-centered approach to care. When we add telemonitoring to the mix – so the sending of real-time, physiological data over a longer time frame than the standard telemedicine consultation – this data provides a comprehensive picture of the patient’s health trend over time. This allows for more timely interventions to be made by the healthcare provider, resulting in more effective and efficient care management for the patient.

2.3 Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostics and Treatment

In conclusion, AI provides the potential for a more efficient and personalized pathway for patients and doctors in the area of diagnostics and treatment, which in turn is set to alter and improve the delivery of healthcare around the world. However, it is crucial that its development and future use is subject to rigorous and transparent testing and that professionals who lead, manage, and work in healthcare systems need to have an understanding of how AI will affect their industry.

It is evident that pivotal to the success of utilizing AI in diagnostic and treatment, scientists, clinicians, and authorities must work closely to understand and implement recommendations on how such technology should be trialed and tested for use.

On the other hand, the development of such technologies comes with a myriad of ethical and moral questions. For instance, should AI be used in diagnosis and decision making, who carries the responsibility for the decisions made, and if a machine makes a mistake, who is legally responsible? These are debates at the forefront of the conversations around AI.

Similarly, in the age of economic uncertainty, utilizing AI in the healthcare industry for both diagnostic and treatment purposes has immense cost-saving potential for the health service. For example, it is estimated that the breast cancer AI diagnostic system could save the NHS in the United Kingdom 1.5 million hours of doctors’ time – and the global application of AI has the potential to improve diagnostics by over 20%. These are examples of how AI can improve economic efficiency in diagnostics.

Furthermore, in the field of treatment, AI has led to the development of tailored treatments by applying complex algorithms to genetic information and medical history. As a result, this has allowed not only to predict an individual’s response to specific drugs and make a more informed decision as to what treatment will be successful, but has led to the discovery of new potential drug candidates through virtual drug trials.

In another example, a Google-based machine learning business – DeepMind, has utilized its expertise in AI by developing a system that can analyze eye scans and identify diseases such as macular degeneration up to five years earlier than well-trained doctors. According to the creators, this cutting-edge technology could halve the rate of people who suffer severe sight loss due to the condition.

Moving on to our next topic, artificial intelligence (AI) has made a significant impact on the medical field. In terms of diagnostics, AI has been developed to analyze and interpret complex medical imaging data, such as MRIs, CT scans, and X-rays. One of the successes in this area is the development of machine learning algorithms to interpret breast cancer images. Such algorithms have been trained to pick up patterns of breast cancer in a similar way to a doctor, however with a higher success rate than human doctors. This is known as Computer-Aided Diagnosis, where human doctors use the diagnostic provided by the AI as a second opinion to improve accuracy.

2.4 Wearable Devices and Health Apps

Wearable health devices, also known as “wearables”, are those that can be worn or attached to the human body in order to monitor lifestyle-related diseases in real time. These gadgets, when connected to mobile devices, can make telemedicine and health and wellness data management more convenient. The concept of wearables is mostly seen as a mobile health device which includes vital signs monitoring, sleep, and activity trackers, and other health and wellness monitoring devices. Wearable health devices also provide a way to collect information without the patient needing to think about it; activity levels, sleep quality, and heart rate can now be tracked over days or weeks in a way that would have been nearly impossible in the past. These innovations, coupled with the ability to easily send the data to the patient’s doctor for analysis, represent a significant advancement in how these conditions can be treated and managed. Health apps offer a way to monitor and manage existing conditions on the go and to encourage healthy living by providing useful tools to track things like calorie intake, activity, and much more. Many healthcare IT experts feel excited about the health applications and the extremely rapid developments in medical technology generally. However, what is more interesting is the shift in focus from traditional medicine, especially in an outpatient setting, to telemedicine or mobile health. So far, there has been very little research examining the health impacts of medical wearable technology. Its appeal may be that we do not have to think about collecting certain kinds of information; it just happens automatically. This opens up all forms of new research questions that we, as medical and health psychology researchers, can explore. In the studies of user experience with wearable health devices, participants reported that the devices were more different towards their expectations than they were towards traditional symptom-based approaches. This is consistent with literature on user experience, as data-driven approaches tend to be associated with feelings of empowerment and may serve to facilitate patient trust in diagnosis and clinical decision software. When patients and medical providers have more abundant, accurate data to work with, there often can be better outcomes – and these health tools might be a large step in that direction. However, policymakers and legislators have yet to provide certain legal safeguards and policies to ensure the protection of user private information and the efficacy of medical apps and other health products. First and foremost in the legal framework of a medical health application is the user’s health data privacy and confidentiality. This is a central topic in many other emerging technologies and mobile devices, but the information ensuring the protection of medical health data is especially sensitive. These three considerations – testing protocols and standards, medical diagnosis confidentiality, and the protection of user data privacy – will guide the development of the legal framework that will respond to the expansion of the application of wearable health technology in the future.

3. Economic Impacts of Technology in the US Health Care Industry

In the recent years, technology has had a sizable impact on health care. By reducing costs and increasing efficiency, improving the quality of care and the life of patients, and by providing for a better work environment for health care workers, technology is offering a new and better future for the health care field. New developments are constantly infiltrating our lives, each offering new ways of approaching health care and wellness whether that means a new drug, new therapies using the latest devices, or new ways of communicating with patients. However, as technology begins to change and adapt to the US health care workforce, government inquiries and changes in regulation are sure to follow. Any large technological transformation gives a unique opportunity for legislatures trying to regulate the developing mechanism to help ensure the precipitated changes benefit the most people. Focus usually clusters on a series of key areas including service usefulness and patient risk, tracking and accountability. Numeric documentation that services are improving, that patient risks are minimized and that there is a thorough tracking of patient care is a frequent demand throughout the regulatory process. Some of the advantages that technology offers in the health care field include diminishing risk and human error, quickening the time of processes such as doctor orders, prescriptions and medical records. Also, the data from the wearables, such as heart rate and steps taken, can help patients and their doctors monitor and engage with their own health in between visits, ultimately promoting a general sense of better health and wellness. Additionally, technology is shortly to help physician services, with telemedicine implementing the possibility of both medical information being easily transferred between professionals and the possibility patient diagnosis and therapy from a remote location. This has obvious advantages for those who perhaps cannot journey to see a specific specialist as can online schedules and choosing a convenient appointment time. The efficiency and quality of any kind of health care will be greatly improved as a result of the continuing advance of technology. The blend of wireless technology, remote monitoring devices and advanced body scanning is set to create a segment of wearable electronics designed to observe chronic conditions such as asthma, heart disease and diabetes. With these new inventions, it is predictable that many more people will have access to a much higher standard of medical care, with the security of knowing that assistances are physically safer and more dependable for the patients. These benefits stretch also to lower insurance costs, leading to broader insurance coverage throughout the nation, and radically drop health care costs that jut millions of people out of decent and affordable medical care.

3.1 Cost Reduction and Efficiency Improvements

Another major economic impact of technology on the US health care industry is that it has helped to drive costs down and improve health care efficiency. For example, the increasing prevalence of generic medicines and the use of 3D printing technology to produce medical devices are both driving down the cost of treatment. Also, the use of technology such as wearable devices that track health and digital consultations helps patients to more easily and cheaply access treatment before it gets to a more serious and costly stage. This is backed up by research from the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, a non-profit science and economic policy think tank, which found that the health care industry has become more productive and innovative due to widespread use of technology. This has included $305 billion in health care savings from the adoption of electronic health records – as of 2017, 87% of office-based physicians had adopted some form of electronic health record technology. Also, research from Grand View Research, a market research and consulting company, has forecasted that the global telemedicine market – which involves remote diagnosis and treatment of patients by means of telecommunications technology – will achieve an average of 19% growth year on year from 2020 to 2027. It is the rising prevalence of such technological measures that has led to the US health care economy entering an era of increased patient power and the industry adapting to provide more tailored, preventative and cost-effective care. All of this is crucial in the context of the current society, with the global Nature Conservancy charity explaining that claims are rising internationally, driven by the growing and ageing population and the increasing prevalence of chronic conditions such as obesity and heart disease. As a result, the demand for new medicines and innovative health care technology continues to grow, and so too does the expectation that the health care industry will continue to harness the latest innovations. It is therefore thanks to the ongoing advancement of technology and the current economic landscape that the US health care economy presents a multitude of opportunities for UK businesses looking to export health and life sciences. However, it is worth noting that in seeking to take advantage of these opportunities, UK businesses must ensure that they fully understand and comply with the regulatory and legal changes that are impacting the US health sector. This underlines the significance of both the economic opportunities created and the challenge of navigating through a system that is undergoing continual technological development.

3.2 Increased Access to Health Care Services

When looking at the economic impacts technology has on the U.S. healthcare industry, an inevitably recurring theme is the increase in access to medical services that have been witnessed with technological advancements. This is no surprise in the digital age, where work being to put the end user – in this case, the patient – at the heart of the services provided. When the US’ bid to make health services more accessible to the population as a whole, technological projects have been funded nationwide to help achieve this – like the Ohio Health Information Partnership or the Californian Central Coast Health Connect, for example – in the hope of mitigating certain infrastructure deficiencies and in the long run, offering health services to more people. One of the main reasons for this increase in access to medical services comes in the form of telehealth. By connecting patients to healthcare professionals, whether through high-definition video, sending images, instant messaging or more, medical consultations, advice, and diagnoses have never been more readily available to patients. This is particularly beneficial for those living in rural communities or in areas of deprivation where healthcare is not as accessible. Furthermore, with the growing usage of electronic health records (EHRs) across the country, one has to think that accessibility to services can only increase. By allowing your EHR to be accessed by multiple different healthcare providers or specialists, not only does this allow for a much joined-up, coordinated approach to care, it also allows patients to be seen by the best and quickest professionals with the most relevant information and sometimes – quite literally – at the click of a button. This massively improves the access to many different tiers of medical service, from your local pharmacy to international specialists. With the increased consumer demand for robust personal technology solutions, innovative disruption to antiquated, bureaucratic processes is at the tips of the technological world’s fingers – and the dividend for improving the lives of different people across the US is starting to become more and more apparent. All across the US today, medical practices can find federal grant opportunities for funding to advance technology. This key cornerstone for building and modernizing a practice is improving the lives of both patients and facility employees; it is known as the HITECH Act. HITECH stands for Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health – and with a name that boasts the word ‘Health’ twice, it is no surprise that the legislature has been put into practice; in 2017, the federal government advertised new, improved grant funding amounts for the adoption of certified EHR technology, in spreads ranging from just under $9,000 to nearly $20,000. And providers across the territories eligible to receive such payments as a Medicare provider. This isn’t limited to bodily health, either; with increased access to technology, it has been identified that there are more and more ways in which we can diagnose and support people with mental health issues through the method of electronic cognitive-behavioral therapy. This will be a great step in leveraging health IT solutions in addressing significant public health challenges, such as leading the fight in preventing and effectively treating heart conditions, diabetes, spine problems, and more. As with any form of technological improvement in these sectors, the future looks brighter for everyone’s access to health across the country.

3.3 Job Creation and Workforce Transformation

In addition to the technological innovations, the healthcare market created 2.62 million new jobs in 2000-2016, almost twice as many jobs created in the second largest industry, professional and business services. Half of them are in the hospitals. Besides that, technology also has changed the way that caregivers provide services to the patients. Technology enabled the caregivers to provide more effective diagnosis and more comprehensive medical treatment to their patients. For example, electronic health records technology has created a new type of job in the healthcare market. Now the clinical staffs could be a clinical informatics, which require the clinical informatician not only have clinical knowledge but he or she should also be familiar with how the health information is stored and secured electronically. This is just one of the examples that technological change has led to the creation of new job and job transformation in the healthcare market. The increasing demand for the healthcare service and the technological advancement in the healthcare market has led to the substantial increase in payrolls and wages of all health-related workers. For almost all the healthcare occupations, the wages in the healthcare sector are significantly higher than those of the other sectors. For some highly specialized healthcare occupations like doctors and surgeons, their annual wage level is more than double of the average wage level for an American worker. With the advancement of the technology in the healthcare market, healthcare is no longer the black hole for the investors and entrepreneurs who have the ideas but no experiences in the healthcare market. Now, technology has made it possible for anyone to be a price and quality transparency in the market. For example, Castlight is a program which allows the employees and their families to compare the price and the quality of the medical services in their living areas. By knowing the price and the quality in advance, both the employer and the employees could benefit from the saving of the health benefit costs, as well as the potential employees recruiting and retaining.

3.4 Potential Risks and Challenges

The widespread digitisation of health care data is substantially reducing the quality of information exchanged between patients, physicians, payers, and suppliers. This increases the probability of errors as well as system failures. Cybersecurity is considered as one of the most pressing challenges in this digital age. Health care industry is a major target for cyber-attacks because of the value of its data. Many medical devices run on outdated and unsafe software, which can put both patients and providers at the risk of compromise. Tejal Gandhi, president and CEO of the National Patient Safety Foundation, has pointed out that safety measures, such as checklists and timeouts, are designed for human factors such as mistakes, but now there is a whole new factor which is cybersecurity. Most technology is developed by providing paramountcy to research and technological expansion. However, a swift and thorough change to technology might result in the neglect for procedure flow and patient care. Such a type of transition can be very tiresome, particularly for older physicians, as it is very difficult for the elderly to adapt to changes in technology. Moreover, it is quite complex to try and listen to a doctor when they are not looking at you, rather they are on the other side of the room, scrolling through medical records. Such human elements are lost due to the aggressive technological transitions. Additionally, there is a risk that important electronic health records can be unintentionally tampered with, and potential evidence would no longer be admissible in a court case as a result. This is a serious concern because the Institute of Medicine found out that 12 million Americans are diagnosed inaccurately, which is a huge number.

4. Future Trends and Recommendations

As new technologies continue to emerge and evolve, the future of the healthcare industry promises to be vibrant and exciting. In particular, the article has identified a few healthcare technologies that it deems to be with the potential to increase the quality of care as well as to mitigate the cost for healthcare services. First and foremost, the article discusses CRISPR-Cas3, a patented method that allows for the ‘editing’ of genes. There is no doubt that such technology will advance the technology that will be used for treating genetic diseases. Equally important as CRISPR, the article also mentions Artificial Intelligence (AI). With the fast development of AI in healthcare, it is expected that the technology will be used to provide virtual health assistance as well as medication management. Thirdly, the article outlines the rising of ‘telehealth’ technology in the healthcare industry. It is predicted that in the near future, telehealth technology will grow rapidly to provide patients with the most cost-effective access to timely and quality care. Next, the article moves on to discuss ‘Blockchain’. As what has been identified in the article, Blockchain technology will provide a secure and unalterable platform for medical data storage, which benefits the patient and doctor in providing accessible diagnosis as well as a treatment plan. What seems to be the current concern of Blockchain technology is the lack of widely accepted standards among healthcare providers. The article further recommends the government to set the policy to require the adoption of such technology.

4.1 Emerging Technologies in Health Care

The most exciting aspect of technological advancement is how it can alter the medical world. While the medical world is currently at the brink of a transition that involves the incorporation of emerging technologies in the healthcare industries, this is just the beginning. The significant trends in the medical device technology, such as the Internet of Medical Things, big data and analytics, artificial intelligence and automation, and advanced manufacturing will have a substantial impact on the life science sectors and the healthcare industries. The Internet of Medical Things has made it possible for both the patients and the doctors to use devices that can collect and exchange medical and other health-relevant data via a secure network. With the availability of wearable or portable medical devices, patients are equipped with the opportunity to be more involved in their own medical treatment. On the other hand, the doctors can access the patient’s real-time data to deliver superior and accurate diagnoses. With the exponentially increasing data flow from day to day, the potential for greater insights will only become more promising with the aid of big data and analytics. The ability to stream data from medical devices and share it in real-time has made real differences in healthcare – and it is just the start. By analyzing the data, the shift from prognosis to prediction is being embraced in the medical world: doctors will be able to diagnose illnesses earlier and predict complications to deliver more effective treatments. It is undeniable that the technological advancements have caused at least some replacement of human jobs within the healthcare sector. However, the adoption of automation technology commonly provides a promising outlook of the medical industry and it is expected that more skilled workers will be required to manage the use of equipment and technology. In particular, the latest advancements in the industrial and manufacturing technology, such as additive manufacturing or 3D printing can be used to create solid-dosage forms of the pharmaceutical products. The current “one-product-fits-all” model can be transformed into a true personalized medicine by 3D printing. Imagine a patient who needs personalized medication and just a press of a button, a doctor can feed the digital analysis of the patient’s condition to the 3D printer and the finished product, that tailors to the patient’s individual needs, can be produced within minutes. While the above-mentioned technologies have been used in some capacity, these trends are projected to gain greater momentum and be fully realized over the next five to ten years. The emerging technologies will change the standard of clinical practice and create a shift from traditional healthcare markets to a technology-driven one in the future. The potential continues to expand as the latest innovations and research are introduced in the medical world.

4.2 Policy Implications and Regulatory Frameworks

Regarding the consequences of technological advancements on the health sector, Mr. Krummel, the interviewee in my analysis, pointed out that there is a huge wave of medical data available to researchers and drug developers thanks to the application of computational technologies over the last couple of decades. This has enabled researchers to better understand diseases and the ways that drugs work to treat them. As a result, there has been a shift from developing drugs that work in the ‘average’ patient to drugs that are more personalised. In the future, drug developers will be able to tailor their drugs to the specific sub-population of patients that will benefit most, which will have a significant impact on the way medicine is developed and authorised for use in patient care. Another example is the development and use of the electronic health record which allows research trials to be conducted more cheaply and efficiently. This is demonstrated in the recent Transforming Clinical Practice Initiative in the USA, which was set up to ensure that large electronic health record data can be used in important research into the development of new treatments and analyses of drugs already on the market. The project aims to recruit 5,000 medical offices and 75,000 clinicians who will work on data-driven trials and projects using high quality electronic health records. This shows that electronic health records have taken over from traditional paper notes and some of the first studies looking at the power of information held in these records is already being realised in that country. However, the use of electronic health records also raises new issues for the industry, according to Mr. Krummel. For example, the health insurance market in the USA has started to use the information to profile and weight patients’ risk factors to calculate premiums. Critics have said that the methods used to transform raw patient data into a healthy analysis prevents faulty or not fully robust security controls that might lead to large scale data breaches. This raises further questions about the protection and use of this most personal and private patient information, suggesting that technology may actually lead to potential abuses of the very rights that reform is guaranteed to protect. The relevant field of law, specifically medical data protection, medical negligence and healthcare provision claims, will undoubtedly need to react to this changing landscape of interconnected systems.

4.3 Strategies for Successful Implementation

The health care industry is constantly evolving and technology is a major driving force. Technological changes can have wide-reaching effects on the health care system as a whole, especially in terms of how it delivers care and how it is organized. Successful incorporation of new technology into the health care system requires proper planning, a clear vision of the desired outcome, and strong leadership that is committed to the idea of transforming the system of care delivery. One of the most important implementation strategies is ensuring that the goals for the technology are closely aligned with the mission of the organization. In order for the strategy to be successfully implemented, the organization must move beyond the initial resistance that is typically seen when new technology is introduced. This involves creating a clear roadmap for specific goals and milestones that can be used to establish short-term wins, such as process improvements and achieved efficiencies. Another critical component for a successful implementation strategy is to develop an education and training program for employees. Electronic health systems can be very complex and are likely to require intensive training to fully utilize their capabilities. It is also a major requirement to maintain the privacy and security of health data. Strategically, the successful implementation of technology is focused on how a system will be introduced and utilized in the context of procedural and workflow. For example, engaging care providers to discuss how the electronic health record can be used to complete a standardized assessment form is more likely to lead to a more efficient and productive process than simply converting a paper-based form to an electronic form. Fostering a clinical environment that supports a trial and error process will effectively lead to the development of a successful implementation strategy and result in positive transformation of workflow. In summary, the common organizational challenges of change management, lack of infrastructure, misaligned incentives, and resistance to the redistribution of power and decision-making can be effectively addressed by a good implementation strategy for health information technology. As compared to other initiatives, technology adoption methods will likely be more successful and deliver on the promise of enhanced care and operational effectiveness.

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