Posted: May 31st, 2023

Explain the epidemiology, pathophysiology

Explain the epidemiology, pathophysiology, types, risk factors, symptoms, signs, and prevention of two common diseases in Saudi Arabia.

ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET
Course name: Introduction to Disease
Course code: PHC271
CRN:
Assignment title or task:
Explain the epidemiology, pathophysiology, types, risk factors, symptoms, signs, and prevention of two common diseases in Saudi Arabia.
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Grade: …. Out of 10

Criteria Proficiency Some Proficiency Limited Proficiency No Proficiency
2 1.5 1.0 0.5
Presentation The purpose and focus are clear and consistent
Punctuation, grammar, spelling, and mechanics are appropriate
Content Information and evidence are accurate, appropriate, and integrated effectively
Thinking Analysis/synthesis/evaluation/interpretation are effective and consistent
Connections between and among ideas are made
Total / 10

Guidelines:
• Use this Word Document.
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• Start your writing from the next page (page 3)
• Word limit: Minimum 600 words (3 pages)
• Font should be 12 Times New Roman
• Headings should be Bold
• Color should be Black
• Line spacing should be 1.5
• Use reliable references (APA format)
• AVOID PLAGIARISM (you will get ZERO when there is plagiarism)
• You should use at least 2 references
• Submit this WORD Document when you complete the required task
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__________________
Saudi Arabia is a country in the Middle East, with a population of over 34 million. The country has a high burden of various diseases, including both communicable and non-communicable diseases. In this paper, we will discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, types, risk factors, symptoms, signs, and prevention of two common diseases in Saudi Arabia: diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Diabetes:
Epidemiology:
Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects the way the body processes blood sugar. According to the International Diabetes Federation, the prevalence of diabetes in Saudi Arabia was 17.7% in 2019, which is considered one of the highest in the world. The disease is more prevalent in urban areas, affecting approximately 21% of the urban population and 14.5% of the rural population. It is also more common in older adults, with a prevalence of 25.1% in those aged 65 and above.

Pathophysiology:
Diabetes is characterized by high blood sugar levels, which can result from either insufficient insulin production or resistance to insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps the body convert glucose into energy. In people with diabetes, the body either does not produce enough insulin or is unable to use it effectively, leading to high blood sugar levels.

Types:
There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that occurs when the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin. Type 2 diabetes is the most common type and occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves after delivery.

Risk Factors:
Risk factors for diabetes include family history, obesity, physical inactivity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases with age, and it is more common in people of certain ethnicities, including South Asians and Middle Easterners.

Symptoms and Signs:
Symptoms of diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, fatigue, and slow-healing wounds. People with type 2 diabetes may not have any symptoms initially. In some cases, diabetes can lead to complications such as heart disease, kidney disease, and neuropathy.

Prevention:
Preventing diabetes involves maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, and consuming a healthy diet. Screening for diabetes is also important, particularly in people with risk factors such as obesity or a family history of the disease.

Cardiovascular Disease:
Epidemiology:
Cardiovascular disease is a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels. According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in Saudi Arabia, accounting for approximately 37% of all deaths. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease is higher in men than in women and increases with age.

Pathophysiology:
Cardiovascular disease can result from a variety of factors, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and obesity. These factors can lead to the development of atherosclerosis, a condition in which plaque builds up inside the arteries, narrowing the blood vessels and reducing blood flow to the heart and other organs.

Types:
There are several types of cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, and stroke. Coronary artery disease occurs when plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs, while stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted.

Risk Factors:
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease include smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and family history. Certain lifestyle factors, such

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