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Posted: April 30th, 2022
Health Care Services and Economic Conditions of Various Countries: How They Relate
Health Care Services and Economic Conditions of Various Countries: How They Relate
Health care services are the activities and interventions that aim to improve or maintain the health of individuals and populations. Economic conditions are the factors that affect the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services in a country or region. How do these two aspects relate to each other, and what are the implications for health policy and practice?
One way to examine the relationship between health care services and economic conditions is to compare different types of health systems around the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are four main models of health systems:
– The Beveridge model, which is based on the principle of universal health coverage funded by general taxation. Examples of countries that use this model are the United Kingdom, Spain, Norway and New Zealand.
– The Bismarck model, which is based on the principle of social health insurance funded by payroll contributions from employers and employees. Examples of countries that use this model are Germany, France, Japan and Switzerland.
– The National Health Insurance model, which is based on the principle of a single-payer system funded by general taxation or payroll contributions. Examples of countries that use this model are Write my essay for me – CA Essay writer Canada, Taiwan, South Korea and Australia.
– The Out-of-Pocket model, which is based on the principle of direct payment by individuals for health services, with little or no public funding or regulation. Examples of countries that use this model are India, Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
These models differ in terms of how they finance, organize, deliver and regulate health care services, as well as how they achieve the goals of equity, efficiency, quality and responsiveness. Each model has its strengths and weaknesses, depending on the economic, social, political and cultural context of each country.
One indicator that can be used to compare the performance of different health systems is the health expenditure per capita, which measures how much money is spent on health care services per person in a given year. According to the OECD data visualization tool, the average health expenditure per capita in 2019 was $4,222 USD across 37 OECD countries. However, there was a wide variation among countries, ranging from $11,072 USD in the United States to $1,189 USD in Turkey. The health expenditure per capita reflects not only the cost and availability of health care services, but also the income level, purchasing power and health needs of each country.
Another indicator that can be used to compare the performance of different health systems is the life expectancy at birth, which measures how long a person can expect to live on average in a given year. According to the WHO data portal, the global average life expectancy at birth in 2019 was 73.4 years. However, there was also a wide variation among countries, ranging from 83.4 years in Japan to 53.3 years in Lesotho. The life expectancy at birth reflects not only the quality and accessibility of health care services, but also the environmental, behavioral and genetic factors that affect health outcomes.
A third indicator that can be used to compare the performance of different health systems is the universal health coverage (UHC) index, which measures how well a country provides essential health services to its population across three dimensions: service coverage, financial protection and equity. According to the WHO UHC dashboard, the global average UHC index in 2017 was 66 out of 100. However, there was also a wide variation among countries, ranging from 95 in Iceland to 22 in Somalia. The UHC index reflects not only the availability and affordability of health care services, but also the fairness and inclusiveness of health systems.
These indicators show that there is no simple or linear relationship between health care services and economic conditions. Some countries may spend more on health care services but have lower life expectancy or UHC index than others. Some countries may have higher life expectancy or UHC index but face challenges in sustaining or improving their health systems. Some countries may have similar levels of health expenditure or life expectancy but differ in their health system models or priorities.
Therefore, it is important to understand the complex and dynamic interactions between health care services and economic conditions in different contexts, and to adopt a holistic and multidimensional approach to evaluating and improving health systems. This requires not only collecting and analyzing data on various indicators, but also engaging with stakeholders from different sectors and perspectives, such as governments, providers, patients, civil society and international organizations.
Works Cited
– OECD (2020), Health expenditure per capita (indicator). doi: 10.1787/8643de7e-en (Accessed on 08 January 2024)
– WHO (2020), Life expectancy at birth (indicator). https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/life-expectancy-at-birth-(years) (Accessed on 08 January 2024)
– WHO (2020), Universal health coverage (UHC) index (indicator). https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/universal-health-coverage-(uhc)-index (Accessed on 08 January 2024)
– WHO (2020), Health systems. https://www.who.int/health-topics/health-systems#tab=tab_1 (Accessed on 08 January 2024)
– World Economic Forum (2020), Healthcare systems and how they work. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/10/covid-19-healthcare-health-service-vaccine-health-insurance-pandemic/ (Accessed on 08 January 2024)
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