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Posted: April 30th, 2022

Homework help – Discuss why there are more COVID-19 related deaths in European countries than African countries

# Homework help – Discuss why there are more COVID-19 related deaths in European countries than African countries

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected different regions of the world in different ways. While some countries have managed to contain the spread of the virus and reduce the mortality rate, others have struggled to cope with the health crisis and its social and economic impacts. One of the most striking contrasts is between Europe and Africa, where the number of confirmed COVID-19 deaths per population is much higher in the former than in the latter. According to the data from Our World in Data, as of 8 January 2024, Europe had reported 2,872,000 deaths, or 3,600 per million people, while Africa had reported 1,050,000 deaths, or 760 per million people . What are the possible reasons for this disparity?

## Demographic factors

One of the main factors that may explain the difference in COVID-19 mortality between Europe and Africa is the age structure of their populations. The virus is known to be more lethal for older people, who are more likely to have underlying health conditions and weaker immune systems. Europe has an aging population, with a median age of 43 years and 20% of people aged 65 or over . Africa, on the other hand, has a young population, with a median age of 20 years and only 3% of people aged 65 or over . This means that a larger proportion of Europeans are at a higher risk of dying from COVID-19 than Africans.

## Health system capacity

Another factor that may influence the COVID-19 mortality rate is the capacity and quality of the health systems in different countries. A well-resourced and accessible health system can provide timely testing, tracing, isolation, treatment and vaccination for COVID-19 cases, as well as prevent and manage other diseases that may complicate the infection. Europe has a generally high level of health system development, with an average of 5.1 hospital beds and 3.6 physicians per 1,000 people . However, some European countries have faced challenges in coping with the surge of COVID-19 patients, especially during the first and second waves of the pandemic in 2020 and 2021, when they experienced shortages of medical staff, equipment and supplies . Africa has a generally low level of health system development, with an average of 0.9 hospital beds and 0.2 physicians per 1,000 people . However, some African countries have shown resilience and innovation in responding to the pandemic, by leveraging their experience with previous outbreaks such as Ebola and HIV/AIDS, mobilizing community health workers and volunteers, and implementing public health measures such as lockdowns, curfews and mask mandates .

## Data reliability

A third factor that may affect the comparison of COVID-19 mortality between Europe and Africa is the reliability and availability of data on cases and deaths. The official statistics on confirmed COVID-19 deaths depend on several factors, such as the extent and accuracy of testing, the criteria and methods for attributing the cause of death, and the timeliness and completeness of reporting. These factors may vary widely across countries and regions, leading to underestimation or overestimation of the true mortality impact of the pandemic. For example, some countries may only count deaths that occur in hospitals or among confirmed cases, while others may include deaths that occur in care homes or among suspected cases . Some countries may also have delays or gaps in reporting their data due to technical or logistical issues . Therefore, it is possible that some COVID-19 deaths in Europe or Africa are not captured by the official statistics, making them less suitable for between-region comparisons. A more reliable estimate of COVID-19 mortality may be obtained by looking at excess mortality statistics, which measure how many more people are dying than would be expected based on previous years . However, not all countries have timely and comprehensive data on excess mortality available.

## Conclusion

In conclusion, there are multiple factors that may contribute to the difference in COVID-19 mortality between Europe and Africa. These include demographic factors such as age structure, health system factors such as capacity and quality, and data factors such as reliability and availability. However, these factors are not static or deterministic, and they may change over time as the pandemic evolves. Therefore, it is important to monitor the situation closely and update the analysis accordingly.

## Works cited

: Our World in Data (2024). Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 deaths by world region. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-covid-deaths-region

: World Bank (2020). Population ages 65 and above (% of total population). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS

: World Health Organization (2018). Global Health Observatory data repository. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.HWFGRP_0020?lang=en

: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2021). COVID-19 situation update worldwide, as of week 52 2021. Retrieved from https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases

: World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa (2021). COVID-19 in the African Region. Retrieved from https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus-covid-19

: Our World in Data (2021). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Deaths. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/covid-deaths

: Wikipedia (2022). COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country

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