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Posted: April 30th, 2022
Smoking, Alcohol Abuse, and Their Influence on Health
Smoking and alcohol abuse are two of the most common and preventable causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco kills more than 8 million people each year, and alcohol causes more than 3 million deaths annually . Both substances can harm various organs and systems in the body, either independently or synergistically, and increase the risk of various chronic diseases and cancers.
Effects of Smoking on the Body
Besides being a notorious risk factor for lung cancer, coronary artery disease, heart attack and stroke, smoking can damage almost any organ in the body, leading to leukaemia and cancers of the kidney, pancreas, bladder, throat, mouth and uterus . Smoking can also impair the immune system, making smokers more susceptible to infections and autoimmune diseases. Moreover, smoking can affect the reproductive system, causing infertility, impotence, premature birth, low birth weight and birth defects .
Effects of Alcohol Abuse on the Body
Alcohol abuse can have detrimental effects on the brain, heart, liver, pancreas and digestive system. Alcohol interferes with the brain’s communication pathways, affecting mood, behavior, cognition and coordination. It can also cause cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, stroke and high blood pressure. Heavy drinking can damage the liver, leading to fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. Alcohol can also trigger pancreatitis, a painful inflammation of the pancreas that impairs digestion. Furthermore, alcohol can increase the risk of several types of cancer, such as head and neck, esophageal, liver, breast and colorectal cancer .
Synergistic Effects of Smoking and Alcohol Abuse on the Body
Smoking and alcohol abuse can have additive or multiplicative effects on the body when used together. For example, smoking and drinking can increase the risk of oral cancer by 35 times compared to non-smokers and non-drinkers . Smoking and drinking can also worsen each other’s effects on the cardiovascular system, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis, thrombosis and ischemia . Additionally, smoking and drinking can potentiate each other’s neurotoxicity, causing more severe damage to the brain regions involved in learning, memory and emotion regulation .
Conclusion
Smoking and alcohol abuse are major public health problems that can cause significant harm to the body. Both substances can affect various organs and systems independently or synergistically, increasing the risk of chronic diseases and cancers. Quitting smoking and reducing alcohol consumption are essential steps to improve one’s health and well-being.
Bibliography
: WHO (2021). Tobacco. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco
: WHO (2018). Alcohol thesis examples. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol
: Mount Elizabeth Hospitals (2019). How Smoking and Drinking Affect the Body. Retrieved from https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/health-plus/article/how-smoking-and-drinking-affects-the-body
: Healthfully (2017). The Effects of Smoking & Alcohol on the Body. Retrieved from https://healthfully.com/the-effects-of-smoking-alcohol-on-the-body-5946639.html
: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2021). Alcohol’s Effects on the Body. Retrieved from https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohols-effects-body
: National Cancer Institute (2021). Alcohol and Cancer Risk. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/alcohol/alcohol-fact-sheet
: American Cancer Society (2018). Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Risk Factors. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
: Piano MR (2017). Alcohol’s Effects on the Cardiovascular System. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews 38(2):219-241.
: American Chemical Society (2019). Smoking and alcohol: Double trouble for the brain? Retrieved from https://www.acs.org/pressroom/presspacs/2019/acs-presspac-february-27-2019/smoking-and-alcohol-double-trouble-for-the-brain.html
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