Posted: March 13th, 2024

Difference between a nursing conceptual model and a nursing theory

Difference between a nursing conceptual model and a nursing theory
Discuss the difference between a nursing conceptual model and a nursing theory. Select a nursing theory and provide a concise summary of it. Provide an example in nursing practice where the nursing theory you selected would be effective in managing patient care.

Difference between a nursing conceptual model and a nursing theory
1. Introduction
Nursing professionals have been trying to understand the contexts of their practices, and as such have attempted to construct the theoretical basis of nursing knowledge. A nursing conceptual model provides a theoretical structure to help organize the complexity of nursing. According to Higar and Kanyi (2018), a nursing conceptual model is a symbolic representation of the theoretical or abstract elements used in explaining something about the real world of nursing. A conceptual model consists of concepts and propositions, which integrate them in an organized manner. It is broad in scope and is developed through rational, philosophical, and empirical knowledge of a discipline. On the other hand, Parker (2005) defines a nursing theory as a group of concepts that describe and explain phenomena that is of interest to the discipline of nursing. Nursing theories are based on the person, environment, health, and nursing. It provides specific knowledge and gives way to the generation of new knowledge. In this essay, the two factors which give a theoretical basis for nursing knowledge, a nursing conceptual model and a nursing theory, will be discussed. It will be concluded that a nursing theory must be used in order to develop further knowledge in nursing.
1.1 Definition of a nursing conceptual model
A “nursing conceptual model” is a set of interrelated concepts that provides a mechanism for identifying and examining the phenomena that exist in nursing practice. These conceptual models are often derived through the process of concept analysis – that is, the careful, systematic, and critical examination of the interrelationships of concepts. The end product is a compilation of related concepts that are meaningfully related to each other and which provide a framework for viewing and examining the scope of the nursing profession. Such a model might take the form of a visual diagram or illustration that demonstrates the various phenomena (and the relationships among those phenomena) that are the focus of nursing work. These conceptual models are often used to guide and direct the way that nursing is practiced, offering a way to define the field of nursing and the standards that the public can expect from the nursing profession. It is important to note that such models are dynamic and change over time. As new knowledge comes to light, the relationships among certain concepts may evolve, or the emphasis placed on different concepts may become more or less significant. Good conceptual models will always seek to be comprehensive and inclusive of all knowledge in the given area of study. Conceptual nursing models are usually presented in a visual or graphical form. However, nurses are encouraged to engage with various types of literature and explore other resources to develop a thorough understanding of the nursing profession from multiple points of view. For instance, there are a wide range of nursing theoretical works published in books and with professional journals that also seek to explore how different phenomena are linked within the nursing profession. Such theoretical works usually go beyond offering a visual representation of the nursing field, and instead provide detailed descriptions of how different phenomena relate to each other within the model. Other resources, such as research articles, may provide examples of how a given nursing model has been used to direct and guide the nursing profession. By engaging with these types of resources, it is possible to develop a much deeper and more sophisticated understanding of the nursing profession and the phenomena that are the focus of nursing work. On the whole, it is recognised that the provision of a suitable theoretical foundation for nursing practice is a necessary aspect of nursing education. Such a theoretical foundation helps to encapsulate development in the nursing discipline, and students are generally encouraged to explore the different ways in which nursing work can be conceptualised. For example, students are often introduced to the idea of the metaparadigm concepts of nursing, including the ideas of person, environment, health, and nursing. It is through exploring how these concepts can be related visually and descriptively in conceptual models that students begin to develop a holistic understanding of the scope of nursing practice.
1.2 Definition of a nursing theory
According to Barnum (1998), a nursing theory is a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and assumptions that explain a phenomenon. It is a systematic articulation of statements related to the questions in the discipline of nursing. It guides the research and practice of the discipline. A nursing theory is a well-articulated and coherently structured set of propositions that may serve as a means of interpreting nursing actions within the research and practice arena. On the other hand, Chinn and Kramer (1995) define a nursing theory as a creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that project a tentative, purposeful, and systematic view of phenomena. These definitions are similar in the sense that the activities of the discipline of nursing are underpinned by certain predetermined and formally articulated set of codes and principles, which might result from a tested, confirmed and/or a well-substantiated reasoning. Also, the definitions concur with the uniqueness of the theories. Each theory provides a narrow field of knowledge in which the nurse may base his/her judgments and decisions, and thus the scalable properties that might result from using theories to base the judgment in the discipline of nursing in different aspects of the day-to-day realities of the health care settings are immense. However, the fundamental properties that distinguish theories from a concept or an idea are at least twofold. First of all, as opposed to theories, a concept might simply be a mental symbol, a principle or an idea, for which a unit of knowledge can be formed and created. A concept only becomes a theory when it has been sufficiently well substantiated by a set of validations and confirmed evidences, which as a result allow it to be used in the research or practice of the discipline. Secondly, theories are usually a specific and well-worded grouping of ideas and set of propositions, and they tend to resist changes brought about by new knowledge. On the other hand, a concept is much looser and can be subtly or frequently redefined by the existence of new and emerging ideas, and concepts are not as clearly delineated as theories. Most important, theories in the field of nursing serve to clarify events or occurrences that nurses come across in their practice, and they provide a deeper understanding of the nursing phenomena. They are no longer limited to simply a set of abstract rules or laws to be used in a passive manner. All the conflicting arguments come to an end. The modern environment is much more demanded and it requires critical focused evaluative thinking, and reflective education especially in the nursing practice. This is another aspect that has to be included in the definition of a nursing theory. It has to be multidimensional because it has to encompass individual, patients themselves, families, the health care workers and the nurse. Modern trends, such as changing demographics and lifestyles, and technological progress, changes in the definition of nursing, changes in the health care system, are increasingly viewed as analyzed different scopes and roles within the multidisciplinary team and the multidimensional nursing theory provides new ideas and improvement in the discipline.
2. Key distinctions between a nursing conceptual model and a nursing theory
Purpose and scope: A nursing conceptual model is a framework that provides a broad overview of the components and relationships within the field of nursing. It serves as a foundation for organizing and understanding nursing knowledge and practice, for example, by identifying the focus of the discipline and basic processes and terminology that is used. A nursing theory, however, is quite different. Whereas a nursing conceptual model represents a more global and macro-level view, a nursing theory is a more particular and micro-level explanation of the who, what and how of nursing knowledge in action. It aims to explain and predict nursing behaviour and outcomes, enabling nurses to test and use particular theoretical knowledge. This is probably why there are something like 15,000 identified nursing theories and conceptual models but only about 200 of them have been actualized and used in some way. This is also why a prime focus of nurse education in recent years has been to approach the practice based discipline of nursing from an academic framework, using learning for nursing reasoning from theory to inform direct clinical practice, but not to perform the student nurse’s own opinions as theory. By incorporating the broad structure of theoretical knowledge, and by integrating it in meaningful and purposeful ways, the need to learn from direct experience under the guidance of expert professional nurses can be balanced, aimed at the ultimate goal of better patient led care.
2.1 Purpose and scope
A nursing conceptual model serves to frame and give an overview of the nursing discipline and its parts. It is a comparative perspective on what is the discipline of nursing, what are its parts, how these parts are related, and what are the foreseeable targets to have a comprehensive nursing care. On the other hand, a nursing theory is developed by nurses on the basis of nursing research; it provides a platform upon which to explain the various actions that the nurse should choose each day. A nursing theory is rooted in the definition of care that has been confirmed from analysis. Unlike a nursing theory, because it is usually more developing and might not have a conceptual clue or a clinical setting, a nursing model, while also based on an analysis, is more frequently recognized with providing a structurally established platform in which to begin nursing. Nursing theories were regularly developed prior to evidence-based practice, and therefore, theories such as “Neuman Systems Model” and “The Nursing Process” are rooted in concepts such as setting physical blocks in disparagement of understanding evidence-based methods. It also provides different levels of theory, together with grand theory, mid-range theory, and practice. Also, grand theory is a systematic model for understanding and developing nursing knowledge; it is a high stage of abstraction that agitates pure reality and cannot be tested. However, grand theory gives a conceptual structure in which to think; in comparison, mid-range theory proposes narrower conceptual targets and may use supreme theory as a framework for setting out beliefs, analytical targets, and views. On the alternative, practice theory provides a view of the uncooked certainty of nursing practice, giving reasonable structures that make talk, work, and systematic steps concerning nursing knowledge.
2.2 Level of abstraction
A nursing conceptual model is a framework that provides a broad overview of the components of nursing, with a focus on how those components interrelate. Conceptual models are often used to demonstrate the conceptual, not necessarily factual, composition of phenomena or to provide a graphical representation of relationships between concepts. They are generally more abstract than theories. A nursing theory, in contrast, is a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relationships among concepts. It is a concrete, detailed explanation of a phenomenon that is narrow in scope, whereas a conceptual model is more abstract and broad. A theory, as contrasted to a model, is the end product of theory development and fully describes the facts and the relationships between the facts that produce a systematic view or explanation. The level of abstraction embedded within a conceptual model is generally higher than that within a theory. This means, if you were to conceptualize the range of levels of abstraction on a scale, with the very most abstract symbolizing the foundations of human knowledge and the most detailed being the explanations of specific phenomena, a nursing conceptual model would be found on the far left of the scale, and a nursing theory would be situated further to the right in a more specialized or practical area. Every nursing conceptual model and every nursing theory is based on these key abstract ideas and concrete ideas, respectively, and it is required that they are conveyed through different types of caring and the essence of nursing. Every theoretical framework has its modern day assumptions and the underlying philosophical assumptions are what form a foundation for a conceptual model or nursing theory. The contrasts and comparisons in these areas are that a conceptual model is more based on specific abstract philosophy and theories of nursing in general. This contrast of a nursing conceptual model vs nursing theory is often the topic of much discussion and often published research, but both have a valuable place in the way that nursing and nursing knowledge is structured and used today.
2.3 Development process
On the other hand, the development of a nursing theory is usually the work of a single or small group of nursing scholars who conduct research, generate hypotheses, and refine their theories through empirical testing. While a nursing theory often begins with a general idea that is researched and specific findings begin to lend evidence to the theory, the actual development of a nursing theory is quite orderly. First, the nurse must choose a topic or phenomenon of interest. This might be something that was observed during practice and led the nurse to investigate and develop an explanation. From this beginning, relevant research literature is located and reviewed in order to place the developing theory in context. The literature review serves to help the researcher identify gaps in current thinking and support the need for further study. As the theory is developed and small-scale research projects are undertaken to explore specific aspects of the theory, the theorist develops a conceptual research agenda. As research findings begin to balance the theory, it can be modified and reworked, and eventually, with enough data and evidence, it might begin to be considered for publishable with the ultimate goal of widespread publication so that the broader nursing community can critique and support the theory. This physical trial and refinement process is something that is central to the development of nursing theory and helps to distinguish nurse theorists from those that work in other types of scientific inquiry.
The development process of a nursing conceptual model is typically collaborative and involves input from multiple stakeholders in the nursing field. It often involves the synthesis of existing nursing knowledge and theories. Experts in the field, such as nursing educators, practicing nurses, and clinical nurse specialists, work together to identify the most important concepts, components, and relationships to include in the model. Literature reviews and reports of expert panels and consensus conferences are often used to support the selection of specific components of the model. Once a preliminary version of the model is developed, it is important to continue to seek feedback from the broader nursing community in order to refine and improve the model. This can be done through presentations at conferences, publications in nursing journals, and even through the use of modern technology to allow nurses from all over the country and the world to provide comment on the model.
3. Selected nursing theory: [Name of the nursing theory]
The nursing model on which this theory is based uses a problem-solving approach in practice and addresses the need for nursing knowledge to become more explicit and for the development of nursing knowledge and theory within nursing curricula. The purpose of the theory is to identify the optimal means of promoting the self-care of the patient and to provide a foundation for the first step of the nursing process, which is assessment. The theory is believed to be formed from psychological and sociological analogical and theoretical substantiation. In the blending of such perspectives, the psychosocial development of both the individual and his subjective approach to health, it is vital to recognize the bifurcations caused by sudden and traumatic events, for example, the acute illness of a patient. The concepts of this theory include the following: development of self-concept, meaning of self-care, development of nursing systems, or the environment and the nursing role. This diversity of concepts provides an ample theory with which to make sense of one’s own experiences in health and with sufficient structure to offer a clear framework for nurses to work within. This application of the nursing theory to the patient care scenario provided in the subsequent chapter gives an illustration of how the principles could be put into practice in managing patient care. The range and variance in possible examples of how the nursing theory might apply to differing scenarios were clearly evident when the class was asked to split into smaller groups and discuss possible options. These discussions demonstrate the use of abstraction and the freedom of different expressions of the theory. This suggests that the theory allows for a nurse to innovate in his practice and that it is flexible enough to accommodate the wide range of experiences that any one individual might encounter. Often patients will not conform to a particular theory and, as such, a nurse must be able to adapt his approach to the unique requirements of the patient; however, the broad focus of the self-care model does provide for a comprehensive structuring of the potential nursing situations that a nurse may encounter. This explanation suggests that the overall practical and theoretical basis of the nursing theory is well-founded and allows for its application to numerous differing patient care scenarios. Such examples of the diversity of application of the theory should serve to substantiate the relevance of the theory in contemporary nursing practice. Given that the theory was developed in the 1950s, it is clear that the underlying principles have withstood the test of time and therefore it seems complacent that the theory can find a valuable place within modern nursing practice. This is particularly pertinent when one considers the way in which, since the 1950s, the approach to healthcare has attempted to shift away from traditional models of total healthcare provider domination, to a model where the patient is encouraged to take a more independent and autonomous role in their care. The self-care model could therefore find increasing relevance, given this change towards patient empowerment and the increasing awareness and education of patients as to their own health and the available courses of treatment. Such a focus on the patient and his or her active participation in their care is very much in line with the objective of the theory – that the theory recognizes, as a primary goal, the promotion of an individual’s tendency toward maturation and the consequent regulation of his own powers. The combination of the opportunity for a nurse to interpret the theory in a way that is personally and professionally meaningful, and the provision of a framework within which to define the kinds of interactions that a patient may have, seems to demonstrate that the nursing theory is appropriate for application in everyday nursing practice.
3.1 Concise summary of the nursing theory
According to the content for this section, which is “3.1 Concise summary of the nursing theory”, a nursing theory is referred to as a set of propositions, definitions, and concepts which are interrelated, and the entire body of the theory has been taken as a significant step for nursing discipline. A nursing theory helps us to define and explain what nursing is and what nursing should be. The development of the nursing theory consists of many different stages, such as inductively based, deductively based; there is communication theory, organizational theory, and so forth. On the other hand, a nursing model is defined as a “set of concepts and the relationship between the concepts that a researcher is looking for, whereas a conceptual model is a set of the various phenomena that can describe the relationship between them”. The word “model” is derived from the root of the language, meaning “mud”, and the mud actually is something that you model. For instance, brick moves some oval and those are all going to be models, and it is a way to help get a picture of reality. There are some key goals of a nursing conceptual model. For instance, clarify the relationship between the various phenomena that researchers are studying, identify the phenomena that studies on the most. A nursing theory is an issued statement, proposal to test given phenomenon which could be the issue of knowledge. However, creative theory is determined to be a better theory which helps to improve the current standards and always to do better. The creative theory needs to apply it to the new kind of knowledge, new pattern of the new way of doing things. On the other hand, when the theory is used to find ways to solve problems, it is called critical theory.
3.2 Theoretical framework and concepts
Jean Watson’s theory of human caring is the chosen nursing theory for this study. Jean Watson is a distinguished professor, nurse theorist, and founder of the original Center for Human Caring in Colorado. She believes that nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health. Furthermore, she states that caring is the essence of nursing and the most unifying and distinguishing feature of nursing. In her theory, she has illustrated various carative factors that need to be cultivated and promoted in a caring environment. Carative factors are defined as the essence of nursing, and it’s what differentiates nursing from other disciplines. There are ten primary carative factors in the theoretical framework of Jean Watson’s Human Caring Theory. First of all, formation of humanistic-altruistic system of values. Assistance with the gratification of human needs. Instillation of faith-hope. Cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others. Furthermore, promotion and acceptance of the expression of both positive and negative emotions. Systematic use of the scientific problem-solving method for decision making. Promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning. Gratification of human needs through an individual’s existential-phenomenological forces. Establishment of a supportive, protective, or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment. Lastly, assistance with the gratification of human needs. These carative factors provide a broad theoretical framework for various nursing concepts and phenomena. Such concepts include human being, health, nursing, environment, and the role of professional nurses. For instance, the carative factor of promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning is closely related to the concept of nursing as a human science. In this theory, nurses are supposed to promote health by ensuring that the patient’s retention, comprehension and incorporation of the taught knowledge are encouraged. Such teaching-learning process both progresses the patient’s condition and well-being and accomplishes the nurses’ obligation as a moral agent. Meanwhile, the term “human science” indicates the view of the patient as a participant in health care. By acknowledging patient’s autonomy, nurses have the moral obligation to respect the patient’s choice and decision making regarding their treatment. Such concept is vital in directing the role of professional nurses as persons who employ knowledge and intellectual activities. On the other hand, the carative factors direct the basic “common sense” that nursing is to provide a “supportive and protective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment”. The theory of human caring is relevant and applicable to nurses in our days. By embracing the interactive caring processes, charting a new health and nursing context is possible. Jean Watson has successfully incorporated the latest understanding of metaphysical forces such as “quantum energy fields” and “consciousness” into her theory. The notion of energy field has been proven and supported by modern scientific findings, and this lends great credibility to the theory. Moreover, the realization of both the importance of the mind-body-spirit interconnectedness and the search for a new worldview in this era bears testimony to the highly influential value of the nursing theory today. In fact, Jean Watson’s human theory is being applied to many fields of guided imagery and wider faith of healing methods. Especially for those in gerontology care, implementing the notion of instillation of faith-hope is crucial to interacting and promoting social integration for the elderly. Adaptation and continuity, which are present in this carative factor, pave the way for a quicker and much more efficient recovery in every carative moment, which is critical in the professional world today.
3.3 Applicability in nursing practice
The nursing theory I selected to apply in my current role is the “Adaptation model of nursing” developed by Sister Callista Roy. According to Parker (2006), Sister Callista Roy used the introduction of this model as a stepping stone in her career as a theorist, researcher, and a teacher. The “Adaptation model of nursing” focuses on the patient’s adaptation to different environmental stressors and it also explains how the nurse can help the patient to adapt more effectively. I find this theory very useful to my practice because it covers a wide range of areas that can be applied when solving patient care issues. For example, it helps the nurse to use a holistic approach when diagnosing and treating diseases and abnormalities and also provides an explanation of how the patient’s adaptive level can affect the health outcome of an individual. In addition to that, the theory demonstrates and expects that patients facing health deviations can be involved in the adjustment of their health status. This correlates to the current medical laws of obtaining consent from a patient before any form of treatment is carried out. I apply this theory when dealing with patients in the home care setting. One of the most challenging aspects for clients engaged in home-based healthcare is maintaining a healthy routine. Although a patient may be well aware of the steps necessary for optimal health adaptation, there are often social and cultural barriers standing in their way; for example, a heavy work and family schedule might not allow for the appropriate times for certain therapeutic measures. The use of this theory helps me to identify the patient’s environmental and personal factors that will affect their health and to use specific methods to promote the highest life potential for that individual. Through this theory, I have been using its systematic and comprehensive data collection method for patient assessment. This is important in today’s nursing practice as it provides a standardized means of what is expected before any treatment can be administered to the patient. By using such an approach, critical thinking is guided by the logic of the nursing theory and it helps to move the patient and nurse toward the common goal of health and a higher level of well-being through the nursing process.
4. Example of the nursing theory in managing patient care
Every step of the adaptation method provides the nurse a chance to see how the patient is reacting to both the illness and the environment that they are in. Every patient and illness is different with varying effects on the bio-psycho-social health. This method allows the nurse to understand and change the patient’s adaptations.
Sister Callista Roy’s nursing theory does not provide rules on how to treat specifically children, nor does it give any knowledge on pediatric surgery aftercare. However, it does propose that with the patient’s ability to adapt to environmental stimuli, this can lead to better patient outcomes and ease the effects of the illness on the patient. In other words, in challenging and emotionally charged clinical environments, the nursing theory broadens the possibilities and scope of interaction with patients. This could lead to a positive and secure relationship between patient and nurse, which is crucial in creating successful treatments and furthering mechanisms of acceptance for the patient.
The nurse in the scenario did not go through the first step of Nora’s four-step method, assessment of the ability to adapt to stimuli. However, after learning from the parents that this child is, in fact, very independent, it would be appropriate to begin to assess the child’s behavior as Nora did in step two of the process. Once she had come to the understanding that the child was in need of adapting to new health alterations, she could have used the final two steps of Nora’s method: the third step, manipulation of the care plan, and the fourth step, evaluation.
Nora, the nurse, begins to assess the patient’s ability to deal with environmental factors. Unsure how to interact with the child, she asks his parents if it’s okay if she comes in and meets their son. She learns that the child is very independent and self-assured but he’s been unusually quiet since coming back to the pediatric unit. He’s not interested in TV and doesn’t want anything to eat or drink. When the nurse goes to assess him, she notices that in his attempts to move around his bed, he’s dislodged the IV line site in his arm and there’s some bleeding. And when his parents say they would like to stay the night with him, she notices the child stiffens slightly and glances at them out of the corners of his eyes as if he doesn’t really want them there. When his parents go out to get a drink, the nurse settles him down and he asks her, “Do I have to do what they tell me?” This is exactly the kind of scenario to which the Adaptation Model could apply.
The pediatric patient was a 6-year-old boy who had surgery. The nursing theory focused on in this scenario was the Adaptation Model developed by Sister Callista Roy. This model is one that is based on the idea that all patients have one goal, that goal is health. This theory suggests that when a person cannot adapt to an environmental stimulus, an alteration occurs in their bio-psycho-social health. It goes on to say that nurses can use the nursing process to manipulate environmental stimuli to help the patient adapt.
4.1 Description of the patient care scenario
The patient is a 48-year-old Caucasian male who has been introduced to the healthcare system by the Center for the Homeless in Atlanta, Georgia. A is diagnosed with a terminal illness and is admitted to Grady Memorial Hospital. A has a long history of homelessness and has had multiple hospital admissions in the past six months. He has a diagnosis of alcohol dependency and has had multiple unsuccessful attempts at alcohol rehabilitation in the past. He has had little contact with family members and has no fixed abode. He has no knowledge of his medical condition and is extremely uncooperative with hospital staff. He fails to attend appointments and refuses to comply with treatment and care plans. He finds it difficult to concentrate or relax and paces up and down the ward and sleeps badly. He has suffered from auditory and visual hallucinations and has become increasingly paranoid. It has come to the attention of ward staff that A believes the Homeless Charity are involved in a conspiracy against him and that staff are trying to kill him. It is apparent that A is at risk and is struggling with his activities of daily living. However, his lack of cooperation and aggression with staff puts an ethical dilemma for professionals in seeking the least restrictive option. Despite A’s negative impact in the ward, healthcare professionals are very much empathetic and concerned about his health. The patient does not have any mobility issues but does seem to be fatigued and has decreased appetite. The patient has poor hygiene and cleanliness and mostly wears the same clothes without any intention to change them. He has self-neglect behavior and doesn’t follow the alimentation rules. He also smokes at least 15 cigarettes a day and injects alcohol into his body frequently. It has been reported that the patient had verbally abused a young female healthcare assistant, and this has been recorded. It’s noted by a nurse that A needs urgent and intense medical attention for his alcohol dependency and treatment for his current conditions due to his poor and unstable condition, though his non-compliance might be difficult for seeking a practical and sensible treatment. A nurse’s initial observations show that A is suspected to have Organic Brain Syndrome. With the utilization of the Mental Health Act 1983, the principles of medical treatments and the concept of best interest decision making in the scenario, the application of ‘Video Interaction Guidance’ is utilized to work with A and resolution of treatment choice in managed time for which both the least restrictive option and best interest of the patient can be achieved. Video Interaction Guidance (VIG) is effective for looking at reasons behind people’s behavior such as aggression and self-neglect, and it helps the patient and the practitioner to focus on the patient’s own strengths and the support systems needed. The nursing theory known as Hildegard Peplau’s theory is applied by creating a nurse-patient relationship with the use of therapeutic communication and goal settings. When A began to trust, through the orientation phase, a leading fo visual guidance and some medical control have been accepted, and now A is managed to reduce the alcohol intake and establish a self-projected health improvement. The theory provides a framework for nurses in supporting and helping A through mental and physical changes in the recovery process. By applying this theory in the scenario, it allows the nurses to understand their patients in a better and caring attitude. His condition has been much improved and without using the long-term deprivation of liberty safeguard. As time goes by, by utilizing the VIG and involving in the stages of the nurse-patient relationship, A has gradually gained knowledge about his ailment in further in his recovery journey now.
4.2 Application of the nursing theory in the scenario
It was little surprise to me when I noticed that it was a nurse following the Primary Nursing Care Model who was the first person in the clinical team to notice the patient’s decline in cases various staff that had taken care of the patient. The main reason for this is because under the Primary Nursing Care Model, it is the nurse who carries the onus of patient care. All the assessments and the consequent patient care plans and interventions are all nurse led. Provided in the Koutoukidis text is another good example of an application of a nursing theory in patient nursing care, the case of a review of a patient record for a lady who had been in hospital. The case study is happening in a patient room in a healthcare centre. The patient, Mrs. Li (the name used in the case study), is an elderly woman who is 84 years old. She has been brought to hospital as her health is deteriorating quite drastically over the past one month. In addition, Mrs. Li is now presenting with breathing difficulties, a dry cough, weight loss, a reduced appetite, reduced mobility and a reluctance to do anything. Mrs. Li is Chinese but she has been living in Australia for a long time so she is able to communicate with healthcare workers in English. Mrs. Li’s health issues revealed in the case study include Rheumatoid Arthritis, insulin dependent Type 2 Diabetes, chronic obstructive airways disease, hypertension and depression. At the same time, she has a past history of Chronic Heart Failure and experienced a silent MI in 2008. She is asthmatic and is also known to have Atrial Fibrillation.

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