NURS6501 Concept Map Template CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS

NURS6501 Concept Map Template CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Concept Map Template

Primary Diagnosis: ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬___________________________________________________________

1. Describe the pathophysiology of the primary diagnosis in your own words. What are the patient’s risk factors for this diagnosis?
Pathophysiology of Primary Diagnosis

Causes Risk Factors (genetic/ethnic/physical)

2. What are the patient’s signs and symptoms for this diagnosis? How does the diagnosis impact other body systems and what are the possible complications?
Signs and Symptoms – Common presentation How does the diagnosis impact each body system? Complications?

3. What are other potential diagnosis that present in a similar way to this diagnosis (differentials)?

4. What diagnostic tests or labs would you order to rule out the differentials for this patient or confirm the primary diagnosis?

5. What treatment options would you consider? Include possible referrals and medications.

In this exercise, you will complete a MindMap Template to gauge your understanding of this week’s content. Select one of the possible topics provided to complete your MindMap Template.

myocardial infarction
endocarditis
myocarditis
valvular disorders
lipid panels
coagulation
clotting cascade
deep vein thrombosis
hypertension
heart failure

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Primary Diagnosis: Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

1. Pathophysiology and Risk Factors:

Pathophysiology: Myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, usually by a blood clot in a coronary artery narrowed by atherosclerosis. The lack of oxygenated blood causes ischemia and death of heart muscle cells. (Anderson & Morrow, 2017)

Causes:
– Atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombosis
– Coronary artery spasm
– Stress cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo syndrome)
– Coronary artery dissection

Risk Factors:
– Age (>45 for men, >55 for women)
– Family history of heart disease
– Smoking
– High blood pressure
– High blood cholesterol
– Diabetes
– Obesity and physical inactivity

2. Signs, Symptoms, and Complications:

Common Signs and Symptoms:
– Chest pain or pressure
– Shortness of breath
– Pain radiating to jaw, neck, arm, or back
– Nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness
– Cold sweat
– Fatigue

Impact on Body Systems and Complications:
– Cardiovascular: Arrhythmias, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest
– Respiratory: Pulmonary edema, hypoxemia
– Nervous: Anxiety, depression, cognitive impairment
– Musculoskeletal: Weakness, deconditioning
– Renal: Acute kidney injury from low cardiac output
– Gastrointestinal: Mesenteric ischemia

3. Differential Diagnoses:
– Unstable angina
– Aortic dissection
– Pulmonary embolism
– Pericarditis
– Pneumothorax
– Peptic ulcer disease
– Panic attack

4. Diagnostic Tests:
– Electrocardiogram (ECG)
– Cardiac troponin levels
– Complete blood count
– Comprehensive metabolic panel
– Chest X-ray
– Echocardiogram
– Coronary angiography
– Cardiac stress test

5. Treatment Options:
– Aspirin and other antiplatelet drugs
– Anticoagulants like heparin
– Thrombolytics
– Nitroglycerin and other vasodilators
– Beta blockers
– ACE inhibitors or ARBs
– Statins
– Opioids for pain relief
– Oxygen therapy
– Coronary angioplasty and stenting
– Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
– Referral to cardiologist, cardiac rehabilitation

References:
Anderson, J. L., & Morrow, D. A. (2017). Acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(21), 2053-2064. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1606915

Boateng, S., & Sanborn, T. (2013). Acute myocardial infarction. Disease-a-Month, 59(3), 83-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2012.12.004

Thygesen, K., Alpert, J. S., Jaffe, A. S., Chaitman, B. R., Bax, J. J., Morrow, D. A., & White, H. D. (2018). Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Circulation, 138(20), e618-e651. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000617

Reed, G. W., Rossi, J. E., & Cannon, C. P. (2017). Acute myocardial infarction. The Lancet, 389(10065), 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30677-8

Saleh, M., & Ambrose, J. A. (2018). Understanding myocardial infarction. F1000Research, 7, F1000 Faculty Rev-1378. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15096.1